What Is Federalism Examples How Federalism Has Evolved From Its Essay

What Is Federalism Examples How Federalism Has Evolved From Its Origins To The American Political System - Essay Example This period denoted a critical improvement from the more established structure since, in contrast to double federalism, helpful federalism had been equipped for advancing a sort of federalism that could support achievements realized by the nearness of agreeable relationship and correspondence between the overseeing bodies. Previous endeavors to confine allotment of forces were supplanted by political mentalities that showed eagerness to finish a decent amount of undertakings or obligations and to perceive each other’s rights inside the government framework. Through this stage, federalism figured out how to have cured partially financial issues through the approval of the national annual assessment which further tended to the need to continue the award in-help framework (Greene). Out of the agreeable federalism advanced one more structure called ‘contemporary federalism’ which produced results from 1970 until 1997. This stage was found to shoulder undesirable irreg ularities in the government administration because of issues on bureaucratic guidelines, expanding absence of assets for administrative orders, and particularly declining disagreements regarding matters that included assurance of the nature and substance of federalism. Obviously, as exemplified in the stages that portray the way federalism advanced, nobody structure or structure appeared to have settled the American government framework which right up 'til today stays a disputable open-finished subject of contentions. (2) Examine three to five (3-5) factors that have permitted the idea of federalism to shape American political conduct. I - The craving for the procedure of unification to react to the agitated worries of the individuals who had been pronounced free by goodness of autonomy from the British standard: Even after the Declaration of Independence, the American citizenry...The country, notwithstanding, watched and felt a lot of insufficiencies in the Articles of Confederatio n that it tried to invalidate the last mentioned and rather, draft another Constitution that would make conceivable the presence of a central government whose arrangement of formal specialists should be shared inside a setting that comprises of a national government and a state government. While this arrangement of administration is all around related to the rule of federalism, the legislative structure at the time was will undoubtedly be the equivalent through the span of U.S. history. In the end, such federalism would be liable to experience periods of improvement that had prompted the current political climate of the American culture and economy all in all. As one case of advancement, back in the range somewhere in the range of 1789 and 1901, the first condition of federalism transformed into what had gotten known as ‘dual federalism’ whereby the states and their kin intensely conceded to giving the focal government a constrained scope of expressly specified forces. For one, the complexities of grounds or circumstances happening in either state or national undertakings whereupon arrangements are made and directed record for a factor which decides how the association between the states and the U.S. government must continue.

Increase in cigarette tax would reduce the cigarette consumption

Increment in cigarette expense would lessen the cigarette utilization 5.0 Introduction The aftereffects of our investigation show that expansion in cigarette expense would lessen the cigarette utilization or quit smoking among lower salary smokers and intensely dependent smokers, in this way it maintained the theories four and five. Be that as it may, the expense factor doesn't end up being altogether related on more youthful smokers, female smokers and less taught smokers. Part 5 incorporates an outline depiction of distinct and inferential examinations and conversation of significant discoveries that approve our exploration target and theories. Next segment gives the ramifications of our examination toward the general public. Following segment will examine a few restrictions that are obvious during the advancement of the investigation, just as to give a few suggestions to future research. At that point, a general finish of our whole examination is introduced toward the finish of this section. 5.1 Summary of Statistical Analysis The segment profiles of respondents are broke down when the information are gathered. Smokers are classified by various races, sexual orientation, smoking degree, instruction and age and the information is introduced in pie diagrams. Plus, the focal propensities measurement of the factors is likewise determined in the investigation. Cross organization tables are introduced to show reactions of every subgroup. Factual strategy utilized in the inferential investigation is multinomial calculated relapse. This measurable strategy introduced the consistency connection between the reliant and free factors as odd proportion [i.e. Exp(B)]. At the point when the huge level is under 0.05, the elective theory is acknowledged. In this examination, elective theory for age, sexual orientation, and training level are dismissed as these factor don't influence the probability of the reactions towards cigarette charge. The elective speculation for smoking degree and salary level are acknowledged as the noteworthy level is under 0.05. Along these lines, smoking degree and pay level are bound to anticipate a specific sort of reactions from the smokers. Multivariate examination is additionally performed by contributing every single autonomous variable as covariate factors in the SPSS program. Multivariate investigation is to guarantee the relationship isn't essentially influenced by other free factors. 5.2 Discussion of Major Finding Table 5.1: Summary of the Inferential Analysiss Results Theory Result H1: Younger smokers are bound to stop smoking than more seasoned smokers given cigarette charge increment. Dismissed H2: Male smokers are bound to give no reaction to cigarette charge increment than female smokers. Dismissed H3: Highly instructed smokers are bound to stop smoking than less taught smokers given cigarette charge increment. Dismissed H4: Lower pay smokers are bound to cut expense than higher pay smokers given cigarette charge increment. Acknowledged H5: Heavy smokers are bound to give no reaction to cigarettes charge increment than light smokers. Acknowledged Source: Developed for the exploration As indicated by sound dependence hypothesis regarding the variable age, balanced youthful smokers ought to be bound to stop smoking given that their more extended life remaining contrasted with more seasoned smokers and their nearly lower pay. More youthful smokers who may create lung disease right currently would lose significantly more (time) contrasted with a 80 years of age smoker with lung malignancy. Our observational research doesn't affirmed this since we had indicated that more youthful smokers are not bound to stop/cut smoking than grown-up smokers. Past investigations by Lewit and Coate (1982) and Sylvain (2007) likewise negated the outcome we had. The conceivable explanation prompting this outcome may remember the modest number of youthful smokers for our example. The elective clarification is that since we play out our information assortment in urban regions, youthful smokers will in general be increasingly wealthy, along these lines they are not influenced by increment in charge. Curiously, Decicca, Kenkel and Mathios (2008) expressed that since most smoking commencement begins during youth, accordingly, the current youthful smokers who quit/slice smoking due to charges could be higher. The examination likewise finds that sexual orientation isn't a factor in deciding the choice to cut/quit smoking given cigarette charge increment. Be that as it may, objective compulsion hypothesis predicts female is bound to chop down cigarette utilization due to generally being less fortunate than male. This logical inconsistency happened in light of the fact that, we think, the salary hole between the sexes is quick shutting. Consequently, any expense increment won't fundamentally make any diminished utilization of cigarettes among the ladies. Our finding is in accordance with the blended aftereffects of past writing. Chaloupka (1990) found that men are bound to stop/cut smoking while Stehr (2007) found that ladies are bound to stop/cut smoking. We find that instruction has little effect on the choice of smokers because of cigarette charge increment. As per reasonable fixation hypothesis, smokers with less instruction bring about much expense than profoundly taught smokers for smoking since they have for the most part lower salary. Our discoveries didn't bolster objective dependence hypothesis. Past research by Madden (2007) halfway upheld our discovering, he found that profoundly instructed smokers are less receptive to cigarette charge. Be that as it may, Tansels (1993) discoveries in Turkey (a center salary nation) halfway upheld our decision. He found a positive and noteworthy connection among instruction and cigarette charge flexibility implying that the higher the training, the higher the affectability towards cigarette charge a smoker will be. The explanation for is that exceptionally instructed smokers likewise will in general chop down smoking when burdened are raised, not in view of the cash issue, but since they a re frightful of the wellbeing results. They have used the duty increment as the chance to go immediately. Along these lines, when both advanced education and lower instruction smokers decide to smoke less, none is almost certain than the other. Lower salary smokers are bound to cut expense than more extravagant smokers in light of the fact that the expense of proceeding with the propensity for smoking is higher. Each RM increment in cigarette cost will influence their personal satisfaction, in any event, making deficiencies of cash for childrens instruction, food and other day by day costs aggravated to what's to come. This outcome fits in with past research done by Biener et al. (1998) which says that poor smokers are multiple times as liable to either change to less expensive brands of cigarettes or diminish utilization. Townsend et al. (1994) discoveries likewise delivers comparative end. True to form, overwhelming smokers are bound to give no reaction towards cigarettes charge increment than light smokers. Contiguous complementarity clarifies that inside a specific time allotment, the more a smoker smokes now, the more he might want to smoke later on. Except if the torment of higher cigarette cost is more than the torment of surrendering the smoking fixation, smokers will in general keep on smoking later on. Past research done by Lee (2008) doesn't fit in with our discoveries. Lee et al. (2004) whose outcome shows that overwhelming smokers increment smoking utilization when assessment is expanded bolstered our outcome. Generally speaking, the article that Biener et al. (1998) created matches our outcomes on the whole. Different investigations that repudiate our outcome typically used national cigarette deals information. In this way, their examinations are not so much similar to our individualistic review based investigation. 5.3 Implications of the Study Regardless of whether cigarette charge viably accomplishes the legislatures objective in lessening cigarette utilization is a critical issue that should be painstakingly considered now and again so as to all the more likely decide the heading of future strategies. Thus, recognizing the impact of duty increments on cigarette utilization is a fundamental part for managing appropriate administrative strategies on the tobacco use. For the most part, the dynamic increment in cigarette charge rates may give a ground-breaking commitment toward the legislatures tax assessment strategy which would help the administrations annual duty income, just as to improve financial proficiency of the nation. In our investigation, we found that profoundly dependent and high pay smokers don't react to cigarette charge well. They despite everything buy same amount of cigarettes. Hence, government should devise a strategy for focusing on cigarette charges towards these gatherings of smokers to augment charge income. As indicated by Tsai et al. (2003), bits of additional income which was gotten from the cigarette assessment would be reserved to the legislatures exertion for actualizing tobacco control program against the tobacco utilize, for example, hostile to smoking media-battles. In any case, other part of the cigarette charge incomes would commit into subsidizing human services for under-safeguarded populace, lung malignancy explore and other wellbeing related exercises. Aside from that, our investigation likewise adds to general wellbeing by distinguishing that instruction doesn't assume a critical job in lessening utilization of cigarette due to charges. This infers our training framework isn't accentuating the threat and wellbeing risk of smoking. This, nonetheless, concurs with the sane fixation hypothesis in light of the fact that exceptionally taught individuals are probably going to be well off. In this manner, they don't endure as much on account of duty increment. Conversely, rich individuals likewise endure more in light of medical issues since they have a lot to appreciate throughout everyday life (occasions, diversion, longer life and so on.) contrasted with low pay smokers. In this manner, in contriving a general wellbeing strategy, our examination suggests that we ought to teach individuals on the risk of smoking while simultaneously expanding cigarette charge so that at long last, the rich and the poor both smoke less. During the procedure of theoretical establishment, our exploration has contributed broad measure of exact proof that have checked on the connections between different segment and smoking degree factors and the reaction to cigarette

This one goes out to the parent

This one goes out to the parent DID YOU KNOW? The city of Portland, Oregon was named for Portland, Maine. What a coincidence that Matts entry on thanking parents came on Sams Moms birthday! Happy birthday, Sams Mom! Anyway, you may have seen the MIT homepage today when you were like, ARRRRRGHUS!! I NEED TO KNOW IF I GOT IN TO MIT!! MAYBE THEY SPONTANEOUSLY DECIDED TO POST THEIR ADMISSION DECISIONS AT 10:37 PM TODAY! URAAAAAAAAAAAGH!! In doing so, you may have noticed that it was advertising the MIT Coal Study, an interdisciplinary work prepared by some of MITs most noted energy professors detailing the future of fossil fuels in the United States. Although renewable fuels and turkey carcasses are awesome and everything, considering that like 3% of our current energy comes from renewable sources, to be honest, we arent going to satisfy the 10^18 Joules per year that the US needs in a sustainable fashion anytime soon. So, until we get a big sustainable infrastructure in place, coalwith carbon sequestration in placemight not be a bad transitional solution. But speaking of sustainable energy, I just found out that [emailprotected], a student group started by Joe 08 and eventually joined by just about everybody Ive ever met, just won a $25,000 grant from MTVU and GE. Seriously! $25,000! Won by somebody whose house I have been inside! ARGH! All Ive been doing tonight is sitting in my room listening to Ween, meanwhile Joe 08 won $25,000 to save MIT. So I got this e-mail this morning from my 10.491: Integrated Chemical Engineering II professor, Dr. Gregory take your hands off the keyboard McRae. Dear 10.491 ICE Students: Yesterday in Washington we released the MIT Future of Coal report there was a lot of interest in the findings and especially the involvement of Course 10 ICE students. I will present a summary of the findings in class on Monday. In the mean time your can see the report itself at web.mit.edu/coal (See todays MIT spash page and in particular look at the Acknowledgements Section. You may also recognize the table of numbers in Box 1 of the Executive Summary they were derived from your answers to Homework problem number 1) or just a few of the press articles at http://news.google.com/news?hl=enned=usie=UTF-8ncl=1114446307 I will see you in class on Monday, have a good weekend and remember the final report is due very soon!! Cheers Greg Last years senior class had the opportunity to contribute to this report with their 10.491 projects. We, on the other hand, are still contributing to the future of coal research at MIT, because Professor McRae is kind of a big deal. But what have I contributed? Oh, basically nothing, I feel like! Ive been on grad school visits for the past 3 weeks, which are basically like CPW except with even more free stuff and free airfare, and swanky hotel rooms instead of the floor in my dorm room. Thanks to my visit to California last weekend, I now have sunburn to the point where my skin is peeling off, and its 30 degrees outside. Its surreal. I think my group would beat my face, if they werent all really nice girls who live in Next House. Anyway, the moral of the entry is that you shouldnt pick a Calfiornia school over MIT, because you will probably get sunburn and die. I had this rule that I would write a blog entry before I would allow myself to play Super Smash Bros. Melee tonight, but I think I should change that to write like 10 pages of our final report before I write a blog entry, before I play Super Smash Bros. Melee. Also, this entry will be updated by tomorrow morning. I promise!

This one goes out to the parent

This one goes out to the parent DID YOU KNOW? The city of Portland, Oregon was named for Portland, Maine. What a coincidence that Matts entry on thanking parents came on Sams Moms birthday! Happy birthday, Sams Mom! Anyway, you may have seen the MIT homepage today when you were like, ARRRRRGHUS!! I NEED TO KNOW IF I GOT IN TO MIT!! MAYBE THEY SPONTANEOUSLY DECIDED TO POST THEIR ADMISSION DECISIONS AT 10:37 PM TODAY! URAAAAAAAAAAAGH!! In doing so, you may have noticed that it was advertising the MIT Coal Study, an interdisciplinary work prepared by some of MITs most noted energy professors detailing the future of fossil fuels in the United States. Although renewable fuels and turkey carcasses are awesome and everything, considering that like 3% of our current energy comes from renewable sources, to be honest, we arent going to satisfy the 10^18 Joules per year that the US needs in a sustainable fashion anytime soon. So, until we get a big sustainable infrastructure in place, coalwith carbon sequestration in placemight not be a bad transitional solution. But speaking of sustainable energy, I just found out that [emailprotected], a student group started by Joe 08 and eventually joined by just about everybody Ive ever met, just won a $25,000 grant from MTVU and GE. Seriously! $25,000! Won by somebody whose house I have been inside! ARGH! All Ive been doing tonight is sitting in my room listening to Ween, meanwhile Joe 08 won $25,000 to save MIT. So I got this e-mail this morning from my 10.491: Integrated Chemical Engineering II professor, Dr. Gregory take your hands off the keyboard McRae. Dear 10.491 ICE Students: Yesterday in Washington we released the MIT Future of Coal report there was a lot of interest in the findings and especially the involvement of Course 10 ICE students. I will present a summary of the findings in class on Monday. In the mean time your can see the report itself at web.mit.edu/coal (See todays MIT spash page and in particular look at the Acknowledgements Section. You may also recognize the table of numbers in Box 1 of the Executive Summary they were derived from your answers to Homework problem number 1) or just a few of the press articles at http://news.google.com/news?hl=enned=usie=UTF-8ncl=1114446307 I will see you in class on Monday, have a good weekend and remember the final report is due very soon!! Cheers Greg Last years senior class had the opportunity to contribute to this report with their 10.491 projects. We, on the other hand, are still contributing to the future of coal research at MIT, because Professor McRae is kind of a big deal. But what have I contributed? Oh, basically nothing, I feel like! Ive been on grad school visits for the past 3 weeks, which are basically like CPW except with even more free stuff and free airfare, and swanky hotel rooms instead of the floor in my dorm room. Thanks to my visit to California last weekend, I now have sunburn to the point where my skin is peeling off, and its 30 degrees outside. Its surreal. I think my group would beat my face, if they werent all really nice girls who live in Next House. Anyway, the moral of the entry is that you shouldnt pick a Calfiornia school over MIT, because you will probably get sunburn and die. I had this rule that I would write a blog entry before I would allow myself to play Super Smash Bros. Melee tonight, but I think I should change that to write like 10 pages of our final report before I write a blog entry, before I play Super Smash Bros. Melee. Also, this entry will be updated by tomorrow morning. I promise!

Essay Questions On Disobedience And Rebellion - 3173 Words

Jimmy Chen Mrs. Meador Honor’s English II 1 Dec. 2014 Rough Draft for Argumentative Essay Thoughts of disobedience and rebellion have existed for almost as long as the first law or rule that could be broken. These thoughts come naturally to us, being humans we are curious and we wonder, what would happen if we were to do something different, something off the beaten path. This curiosity has fueled, our evolution, our development to the beings that we are now. It has spawned the thoughts of morality and justice that caused the subject of this essay, civil disobedience. People, when they are dissatisfied, naturally become pent up and temperamental, a prelude to actions taken to resolve the dissatisfaction. Throughout history this element of human nature surfaced to be witnessed numerous times: riots, revolts, rebellions, civil wars, revolutions, and movements. Previously, we devolved to using violence and brute force to accomplish what we wanted but as time passed we evolved to be more civilized. Civil Disobedience, a way of expressing ou r dissatisfaction of the current situation by peacefully going against the status quo, has proven an effective and efficient agent of change because of the moral implication it imposes and the attention it garners. The spirit that drove civil disobedience by no means is something new. Some martyrs and saints from the past have expressed this spirit of nonviolence in accomplishing their goals. Jesus Christ, for example, is an excellentShow MoreRelatedThoreau On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience Rhetorical Analysis1250 Words   |  5 Pagesrefusing to pay a tax that he believed supported the ideology behind the war that the United States was partaking in at the time. 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Considering someRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience And Ralph Waldo Emerson s Self Reliance2846 Words   |  12 Pagesfact, the transcendentalist movement is still alive in the modern day: as seen in our societies focus on individualism, nature and sensibility. This paper will discuss the ideas of transcendentalism through the work of Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Self Reliance by comparing both works finding similarities and differences between them. To truly understand the most important members of the transcendentalist movement, it is first important to understand the basicRead MoreEssay on Shirley Jackson and Her Short Stories631 Words   |  3 Pagesand literary critic Stanley Edgar Hyman. Hyman was threatened by Jackson’s talent and often discourage her. Because of this discouragement her tales develop into her revolt against a male-dominated society and her domineering husband. Jackson’s rebellion against society’s opinion of a woman’s role was evident in her writings. The public disliked her work because women were not portrayed as they should be and due to her stories dark nature. According to Barbara G. Walker, Any unusual ability inRead More Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdoesnt, who wants it, who loses it, how it is used to intimidate and manipulate and for what purposes, and, most especially, how it is disrupted and subverted, challenged, denied and assumed† (http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/cuckoosnest/essays/essay1.html). No, it is not McMurphy who flew over the Cuckoo’s nest, or Harding, or Taber. It wasn’t Martini or Cheswick, or Bibbit, Chief Bromden or Bancini. The journey of crazies that flew over the Cuckoo’s nest was in the asylum, but they wereRead MoreLiberation, Rebellion, and Relevance2471 Words   |  10 PagesLiberation, Rebellion and Relevance In â€Å"The Rebel an essay on man in revolt,† Albert Camus (1956) muses on the absurd origins of rebellion and art and their significance to the individual and society. While reading Camus I began to think about how important art really is and how appalling some of the trends in education and arts funding apparently are. This is what inspired me to write this paper but my intention is not to directly address any of the many and various issues concerning arts educationRead MoreThe American Scholar By Ralph Waldo Emmerson2349 Words   |  10 Pagesincomplete without the rest of the body. He says, â€Å"The state of society is one in which the members have suffered amputation from the trunk, and strut about so many walking monsters - a good finger, a neck, a stomach, and elbow, but never a man.† In his essay, he summarizes his view of the state of humanity. Additionally, he stresses the importance of intuition, not logic. Intuition, he believes, can transcend man into t he being he was supposed to be. Without the subdivision placed by society, be believes

Psychological Aspects Of Narrative Of The Life And...

Kaho Adachi Dr. Benjamins US History AP/DC, period 6 30 November 2015 Psychological Aspects of Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb In Henry Bibb’s Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, the author utilizes rhetorical strategies of religion, family, and psychological aspects to create an effective argument that under any circumstances slavery was simply ‘no good’. In his autobiography, Henry Bibb accentuates the slave masters’ avaricious temper and arduous condition for the slaves to gain their freedom in the nineteenth century. Bibb successfully contributes in the progression within the society over the development of gaining equality. Throughout Bibb’s autobiography, he displays positive and negative views of Christianity. The author portrays different aspects of Christianity by establishing the role of religion within the society as an outlet for the slave’s hope as well as the cause for their poor condition. It is evident that the purpose of religion is to maintain the white superiority over the enslaved. Furthermore, many of the white plantation owners are symbolized as the slaves’ portrayal of Christian violence as something essential to controlling them psychologically. Thus, it is understandable how Bibb â€Å"should have received moral, mental, and religious instruction, [as he was] receiving stripes without number, the object of which was to degrade and keep [him] in subordination† (441). Within the rectitude mind, it was believed that

The Supreme Approach to Environmental Science Essay Topics

The Supreme Approach to Environmental Science Essay Topics Learn the five study hints and strategies you ought to use for all AP exams. There are a lot of kinds of essays, it is not difficult to shed an eye on all your writing assignments. Students should also be ready to use superior study abilities and organizational skills as a way to keep in addition to their coursework. After all, as a high school student it can be hard to articulate just what it is that you would like to do for the remainder of your life, professionally and academically. All our writers pass a considerable procedure to look at their abilities. Short sentences have a bigger impact. Don't use jargon and slang. This also means having the ability to manage common resources. You may get in touch with your writer through our support department should you need to specify some critical points to create your work more customized. Second, many colleges are searching for sustainability leaders. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. It is possible to always reach out to your writer to supply more particulars or request information concerning the order's progress. You are going to be able to discover enough info on every one of them to conduct your research and answer your essay's major questions. There is going to be two synthesis and evaluation questions on the exam and, while they may contain data you must examine, you won't need to do calculations to be able to answer questions. Some data (it might be a table, chart, or graph) will be shown, and you're going to have to answer questions on it, a few of which will consist of calculations. Environmental Science Essay Topics - the Conspiracy In order to cut CO2 emission levels action has to be taken to boost a device in the exhaust of contemporary machinery. 1 method of decreasing CO2 levels is to utilize Carbon sequestration. Environmental pollution denotes the introduction of damaging pollutants into the surroundings. New technologies may also be introduced to various different portions of the combustion process to be able to make it even more efficient. Even should you need to file your environmental science project topics within a quick notice, we can still deliver promptly. You also ought to do proper research. Environmental economics also needs a transnational strategy. You obtain an environmental science study material on the site at no cost. I f you do that, there is not any reason why you need ton't produce an impressive paper. Somebody manages health. Even evaluating the essay topics associated with environmental science gets challenging. Even in case you have all of the material to allow you to compose an essay on Environmental Science, without proper organization, the essay is only going to be a set of words. Sample essay an essay is a little paper which often comprises a number of pages of a students own take on a certain issue. As a consequence, their essays wind up being unimpressive. When you're writing an essay on biology, you have to ensure your topic is all up to date. Introducing Environmental Science Essay Topics The first thing one has to do is to rate the essay question to learn what is required. After you submit your purchase, we start searching for the ideal writer to finish your assignment based on your requirements. The more you tell us about your requirements, the better essay help we'll be in a position to provide. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. Misleading your readers is quite a poor thing. After the body of the essay was written, a conclusion has to be drawn, which ought to reiterate to the reader the tested arguments and their connection to the essay title. Even more, you might want to select a trendy topic.

Computer R Us

Question: What is Computer R Us? Answer: Introduction Computer R Us is a manufacturer and the retailer of all the products of the computers/laptops has recently launched the service and the repair division with the provision of the rapid response to the technical enquiries. and the warranty repairs. The division deals with the shortage of the training operators over the telephone centre. , distribution problems and the various parts problems. For this reason the complete contribution of the factors of the customer satisfaction factor helps in the creation of the issues and thereby it also helps in the increment of the barriers of the communication system. Also the point that the issues are generated due to the late response of the Complete Care solutions and henceforth for the resolving these issues the management of the Computer R Us have to make strategies for the creation of the effectiveness in the work or the service provided by the organisation Computer R Us (Aksoy, Keiningham, Bejou, 2014). The analysis and the hypothetical tests are totally based on the current level of the customer satisfaction and the achievement of the goals can be gained with the completion of the level of communication of the staff and the management at Computer R Us. The initiatives of the complete care staff with the decrement of the initiatives of the response time of the cus tomers helps in the creation of customer attraction in the field of the services provided. This report is henceforth seemed to be dependent on the current degree of the satisfaction provided by the Computer R Us to the customers and also helps in determining the strategies required for the increment of the customers. Research Design Research design is one of the most important aspects of any research study as it helps in creating proper outline or plan for the research study. It helps in recording the process as well as the result of the research. There are three common form of research design explanatory, descriptive as well as exploratory research design (Oliver, 2014). The researchers use to take research design as per the nature of the research study. It is important to select appropriate research design in order to conduct any research as appropriate selection of the research design play significantrole in the proper accomplishment of the research goals and objectives. Furthermore, inappropriate selection of the research design can varies the research results noticeably. Among the three prevalent research design explanatory research design use to be made by ideas as well as approaches of the research initiation following a pre-planned research (Roberts-Phelps, 2001). Alternatively, descriptive design tries to take o ut the reason behind the incidents and the exploratory design is a combination of the two designs. As per the need of the research study for this specific research exploratory research design has been taken. An online survey is conducted among the customers in order to collect their perceptions on the service of the company. There are 500 survey sheet distributed among the customers with random selection procedures and from their 420 survey sheet has been taken in order to conduct the research study. All the research ethics has been maintained throughout the research study and throughout the data collection process. The respondents have been made well aware about the purpose of the research before conducting the survey. The survey is conducted with a structured close ended questionnaire and the data collected from the survey has been analyzed statistically (Yuksel Yuksel, 2001). The survey data has been collected in a spreadsheet and analyzed to make the conclusion of the research study. The research has been conducted by a random online survey and the result of the survey has been recorded in a excel sheet and a statistical analysis has been performed for this particular research study. Analysis The aim of Computers R Us is to provide improve the customer satisfaction to minimum level of seven out of ten. The customer satisfaction survey will help to evaluate the satisfaction level of the customers. The current level of customer satisfaction matches the goal of the management of 7 out of 10 after taking the initiatives (Bennett, Ward, Scarinci, 2015). The increase in the flow of communication between the Computer R Us and its customer will help to solve their issues and enhancement in the level of advice on the products and services will also help to decrease the issues of the customers. The flow of communication between the customer and staff will help reduce the issues and increasing the satisfaction level of the customers. There are no differences between the level of satisfaction of female and male customers with the management and staff at Computer R Us. The communication strategy will help to enhance the satisfaction level as well as solving the issues of the customers (Ishikawa Tsujimoto, 2009). There are differences in customer satisfaction level a ll across age group because different age group have differences in their interest, needs and choice. The customer satisfaction level of the customers can be increased with the help of strategies. There are differences in the customer satisfaction between responses to initiativeof loyalty rewards program at the Computer R Us and decreasing the response time in Complete Care division. The decreasing response will help to determine and evaluate the satisfaction level and the loyalty reward program will help to increase loyalty among customers (DR.K.VANITHA, 2012). The satisfaction level differs depending on the needs, preferences. and characteristics of each customer. The satisfaction level of the customers can be influenced with. the initiatives level of communication between management staff members and advice level provided by the Complete Care staff on the products and services provided computer R Us. The main aim of the company is to solve the issues of the customers and providin g them. appropriate solution with the help of implementing appropriate initiatives. References Aksoy, L., Keiningham, T., Bejou, D. (2014). Profit Maximization Through Customer Relationship Marketing. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.Bennett, M., Ward, E., Scarinci, N. (2015). Exploratory investigation of communication management in residential-aged care: a comparison of staff knowledge, documentation and observed resident-staff communication. International Journal Of Language Communication Disorders, 51(3), 296-309. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12207DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction. IJSR, 3(4), 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/240Entrekin, L. Scott-Ladd, B. (2013). Human Resource Management and Change. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.Evans, D. Cothrel, J. (2014). Social customer experience. Indianapolis, Ind.: Sybex/John Wiley Sons.Ishikawa, A. Tsujimoto, A. (2009). Risk and crisis management. Singapore: World Scientific.Oliver, R. (2014). Satisfaction. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.Roberts-Phelps, G. (2001). Customer Relationship Management. London: Thorogood Pub.Yuksel, A. Yuksel, F. (2001). Measurement and Management Issues in Customer Satisfaction Research: Review, Critique and Research Agenda: Part Two. Journal Of Travel Tourism Marketing, 10(4), 81-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j073v10n04_04

TITANIC LIABILITY Essays (1490 words) - Film, Academy Awards

TITANIC LIABILITY April 14, 1912, the ship that even God could not sink met an untimely demise. The "unsinkable" R.M.S. Titanic set out on its maiden voyage to ferry 2,227 men, women and children to America from Southampton. Some of the wealthiest people on the planet were passengers on the ship while others were simple folk traveling in search of a better life for themselves and their families. The following is an account used as a "mock" trial developed by the Anderson, Kill Olick, P.C. law firm to explore a case of tort for negligence in Jensen v. White Star Line. Hans Jensen, a 20-year-old carpenter, and his fiance' Carla Jensen, her brother, Svend, and her Cousin, Niels, were traveling on the "unsinkable" R.M.S. Titanic to The United States. Hans had hoped to make a better wage in America. Hans and Carla shared the same last name but were neither related or married at this time. Because of this, Carla resided in the back part of the ship on Deck F with the other single women, while the boys were stationed on the opposite side of the boat. The facts show that the Titanic was warned well enough ahead of time of possible icebergs and impending danger ahead. The ship did not alter its course or speed. At the time the Titanic hit the iceberg, and the evacuation of the ship began, Hans was already on the top deck helping to load lifeboats. He grew concerned when he did not see his fiance' and began to search for her. Hans found Carla and helped her navigate the subdued crowd to the lifeboat area. He remained with her until she was placed on the boat and was gently lowered into the water below. Hans made a commitment to Carla that he would reunite with Carla in a few days. Alas, he never made it to New York, and his body was never found. Hans and Carla made a wise decision before departing, they choose to create their separate wills before the voyage. Hans named Carla as his sole beneficiary and estate executor. Because of this legal document, Carla takes Hans place as his estate's representative and plaintiff against White Star Lines. Carla Christine Jensen(Hans Jensen's fiance') sued on his estate's behalf. The defendant is WHITE STAR LINES and the witnesses, the Titanic's Second Officer Lightoller and Swedish military attache' Bjornstrom-Steffansson. The remedy being sought in the suit of Jensen v. White Star is compensatory damages to Mr. Jensen's estate for his death. The lawsuit claims the following: physical injuries and the pain and suffering Hans incurred as he froze to death in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, the emotional and anguish of knowing he was going to die which would leave his fiance' alone, and the financial losses for the wages he would have earned performing carpentry work. The plaintiff explained that the White Star Line was grossly negligent and how it was responsible for killing almost 1,500 children, women, and men many of whom were third class passengers including Hans Jensen. The plaintiff also sought punitive damages as punishment of White Star Lines for its wanton and reckless behavior of failing to operate and control the Titanic properly. Not only will punitive damages punish the company monetarily, but also hopefully deter a similar situation occurring in the future. Carla Jensen as the pl aintiff charged that White Star had been incredibly irresponsible in the duty of care for their passengers. She felt that White Star was negligent by failing to provide care as a reasonably careful person would have acted under the same circumstances. The White Star's reckless behavior of failing to properly operate and control the Titanic explain they had not cared about their duty to the passengers. Duty is defined as an obligation or conduct identified in the law as a reasonable behavior in light of a perceived risk. The White Star Line failed to conform to the required standard of care. The White Star Line and its agents, the crew of the Titanic, behaved in an unreasonable manner in many ways. They had the most modern ship in the world, equipped with a modern radio and

Muslim Civilisation The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al

Muslim Civilisation The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Civilisation: The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 5) The first simplest water clock was invented in Egypt about 1500BC. This simplest form of clock was known as the outflow clepsydra; it is shown above from different viewpoints. The water clock had the shape of a cone that narrowed towards its base. The base had a hole that discharged water that was used to measure time lapse. The later design of the water clock was the inflow clepsydra. The upper vessel of this water clock had a hole and a constant supply of water with an overflow cylinder. The cylindrical container received overflow water from the hole in a steady manner that ensured its use in the measuring the time passage. Ctesibius developed the first water clock, an Egyptian Enginee r, whose water clock had a cylindrical vessel with a float.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A vertical toothed rod was soldered on the lower vessel, such that, with any rise in water level, the teeth of the vertical rod sent audible signals as it meshes with other gears (Hassan 170). Ibn al-Haytham used a tank with a small opening at its bottom; it helped in showing the time. Markedly, an inflow clepsydra occurs when the tank sinks into another container with adequate volume of water. The invention of the clepsydra might have occurred in the early parts of the 5th century CE in India; however, the Han dynasty in China adopted the sinking-bowl water clepsydra after Ctesibios era. This idea of cylindrical vessel with a float was adopted by a number of Muslim Engineers, who replaced the rod with cord attached to the float at the top. This cord passed through a system of p ulleys that activated the visible mechanisms. The design for the control of vessel relied on a famous principle developed by the great scientist, Archimedes. On the lower outlet of a reservoir, stood a vertical float chamber, with a conical valve on the outlet pipe with a vertically bent down tap. The bottom of the float chamber had a narrow outlet pipe, with the valve plugged on a small float. In this water clock, whenever, the tap opened, the float chamber received water, thus shortly closing the valve. On the other hand, when water left the float chamber, opening of the valve initiates, and the cycle continues (Hassan 176). This ensured a steady level of water in the float chamber, resulting into constant speed of the large float as it entered the reservoir (Hassan 177). The float chamber’s outlet discharged into the flow regulator, thus enhancing reading of temporal hours.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Civilisation: The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This Archimedes clock was however, found to be inaccurate, leading to its modification in Syria, during the Umayyad Times where Ibn al-Haytham, the great scientist constructed a modified mechanical water clock. Ibn Alhaytham developed the mechanical water clock based on Al-Jazari’s installation design of water clock that used the automata to indicate time lapse. The automata were activated hourly using mechanical birds that released pellets onto the Cymbals using their beaks. The water clock also used doors that rotated to reveal humanoid robots an as well as varied colours, zodiac circles that contained symbols of moon and the sun in relation to the time of the day as it rotated in a steady manner. The mechanical water clock also had semi-circular glass discs that were illuminated hourly (Hassan 180). Ibn Khaldun and the rise and fall of empires (Discover the golden Age of Mu slim Civilisation par. 5)Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first picture shows the entry to the traditional empires. Ibn Khaldun was a renowned Muslim thinker in economics and social theories. His most substantial activity was the Kitab al- ‘Ibar’s section of Muqaddimah that analysed the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The works of Ibn Khaldun were done at a time when the political elite were very wary and strict with people who expressed independent thoughts. His works was, therefore, noteworthy because it was original in both its organisation and content. His works led to the development of theories of social cooperation and collective solidarity under his infamous Arabic term ‘asabiyyah’ (Alhaytham par. 5). Ibn Khaldun was privy to the fact that it is difficult to establish a progressive social order if the members of the society are simply egoistic sensible representatives. He therefore, decided to devote his literary work to come up with a theory that focused on the enhancement of ‘asabiyaâ€⠄¢ or social cooperation, and factors that are responsible for the fall of social cooperation in our society (Alhaytham par. 8). Ibn Khaldun philosophy on the rise and fall of empires and states is applicable to the real world situation, especially on the business front. The rise and fall of business organisations or firms, for example the fall and rise of Microsoft Corporation as postulated y Paul Krugman. It is imperative to note that corporations, just like states, are cooperative enterprises. You realise that business owners like the corporate managers, just as selfish interests normally drive the political elites (Alhaytham par. 3). Ibn Khaldun’s book thus focused on the sedentary mode of culture as opposed to the primitive culture where one only desired to satisfy his or her own immediate needs at the expense of the rest of the society. He postulates that the decline of regimes is because the surplus produces in most societies ends up in the luxuries of the few elites. He puts it clear that the luxuries informed the degeneration and decline of major regimes in the world. Ibn Khaldun’s works on the rise and fall of states focuses on the establishment phase, which relies on the solidarity of the supporters (family or religion). This solidarity enhances the state’s preservation where the ruler tends to serve the interests of his or her people (Alhaytham par. 9). The second phase of the cycle is the monopolisation of power stage, where the ruler views him or herself as an immovable master. At this point, the ruler breaks ties with people who helped him or her ascend to power. He or she makes new friends who are bureaucrats like him/her. The third phase is the leisure and luxury stage, where the ruler now seeks to satisfy his private needs at the expense of the wider society. The fourth stage is the characterised by feeling of long lasting rule. This forth stage is the one that determines the survival of the state, as the society is alrea dy discontented with the rule, hence disintegration of the state. The ruler has purchased support of the military and the bureaucrats disintegrate, thus resulting into the collapse of the state (Alhaytham par. 8). Introduction to the Islamic Traditional Chemistry (Gardenour par. 1) The picture above shows the cover of early chemists Geber. The old Islamic chemistry also known as ‘alchemy’ was influenced by traditional philosophy that relied on the chemical inquiry of natural surroundings by the medieval Islamic intellectuals based on Muhammad’s personal capabilities. This traditional chemistry developed after the fall of the Roman Empire, thus the traditional Islamic chemistry was based on the works of past alchemical scholars from Greek and Egypt during the Abbasid period (Gardenour par. 1). The Islamic chemistry caused various scientific findings and cultural advancements in the world. The traditional Islamic chemistry led to the advancement in the fields of philosophy, arts, literature, and science. The alchemy relied heavily on mystical powers. It is therefore, imperative to note that the Islamic alchemists constructed their theories based on magical nature as opposed to relating them to matter and elements, however, these works served both matter and elements (Rahim par. 9). The alchemist work involved a lot of laboratory work involving use of dangerous chemical at times. â€Å"Master Elixir† or the Philosophers Stone was an early Islamic traditional chemistry (alchemy) that was believed to purify one’s soul and body. It was believed to possess mystical powers to decompose all matter, just the same manner, universal acid does. The metal was later believed to harbour mystical power to convert basic metals into gold or other precious metals. This Philosopher’s stone took the form of liquid, powder, or gel (Thompson 25). The Islamist alchemists’ studied alchemy from the inquiries of Greek alchemists during th e rule of Abbasid Empire; the study was aimed at developing philosophy, mathematics, as well as medicine. This is reason as to why the Egyptians accorded gold superiority in terms of soul with respect to other metals’ souls, which could improve the soul of other base metals if mixed in slight quantities (Rahim par. 20). A renowned Islamist alchemist, Jabir b. Hayyan, who is also known as ‘Geber the Wise,’ was the first to carry out a controlled alchemical experiment in a laboratory. He later on wrote a number of books about alchemy. His works got the attention of the Western world; they got the idea of the Elixir of Life through his works. His works were based in his belief on transformation of metals from one state to another, as well as transmutation (Gardenour par. 4). The Islamic traditional chemistry made substantial inputs to improvement of techniques in chemistry, as well as unplanned innovations. It is imperative to note that Jabir, discovered nitric acid , sulphuric acid and aqua regia. Based on his works, the German scientist, Henning Brandt, believed that his urine was the Philosopher’s stone. He went on to discover the metal after steaming the urine. It is important to note that the phosphorus today makes the ingredients of rocket fuel and toothpaste (Thompson 26). Scientists moved swiftly to prevent experimental and scientific chemistry from becoming a Muslim science; laboratory practical helps in changing one matter from a given state to another state and another product as well. Experimentation remained the task of Muslims only; the Greeks, on the other hand, stood up for metaphysical analysis and theories on chemical procedures. Al-Razi became to be known as the father of modern chemistry through his numerous experimentation to support the Greek’s theoretical information. Four Medieval Hospitals in Syria (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 7) The picture above shows the entry to Arghun Al-Kamil i hospital in Damascus. Notably, Damascus and Aleppo are the homes of the four hospitals. The early Islamic era saw the creation of health institutions to serve the ill people. In Aleppo, there is the Nuri hospital that was named after Nur al-Din Zangi (1117-1173). This city comes after Damascus in terms of size; it lies in northern part of Syria. Aleppo remains the capital of Islamic culture; it marked this in 2006. The vast number of archaeological sites in Aleppo attracted several tourists who had great interest in archaeology and history. The city also acted as a major trade route, which connected the Roman Empire and Egypt. After witnessing how Aleppo was a major business hub at the time, Nur al-Din Zangi applied his philanthropist nature to support the poor by building the magnificent hospital. He used to spend much of his finances in supporting the poor in the society. He went ahead to construct the hospital between 1148 and 1155; the hospital was located next to another magn ificent project that Nur al-Din Zangi has sponsored – intramural water project. Nur al-Din Zangi was so determined to ensure the hospital meets its objective of serving the poor; the building was reconstructed numerous times after damages by earthquakes. A structure of complex stone curving is visible above the door of Nuri hospital, as well as Arabic calligraphies on different stones. Such Arabic calligraphies are common in all the health facilities. These features are visible and intact to the present day. The hospital of Arghun Al-Kamili is the second medieval health facility in the city of Aleppo. Mamluk governor, Arghun Al-Kamili, supported the construction of the institution in 1354. The facility was mainly made of stones; the entrance to the hospital an up-to-date wrought iron fence – Qinnesreen. Decorations of intricate stones filled the institution, together with Arabic and English writings indicating its name and date. Arghun Al-Kamili hospital had a wooden d oor with copper metals, which displayed geometrical Arabic designs. At the top of the door, there are four lines of writings in Arabic. After leaving the metallic door, there is the hospital dispensary and a small room; the additional rooms were for consultation services. Damascus, on the other hand, hosts the Nuri and Qaymari hospitals. Numerous scholars have frequently not mentioned the latter institution due to its non-strategic location. The health facility is situated in the interior of vegetable market full of hogwash and garbage emanating from the indigenous merchants; this might be the reason for its negligence. Qaymari hospital was constructed in 1248; it has a modern marble on the right part to indicate that it was constructed in the 12th century. The interior part of the Qaymari hospital has a quadrangular water reservoir bounded by iwans. Iwans are four arched halls. So special was the health facility that it set aside one of its sections for the sick females. River Nahr Yazid was the main water supplier to the Qaymari hospital. Nuri al-Din Zangi went further to establish another hospital in his name in Damascus, the largest city in Syria (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 7). The construction of Nuri hospital in Damascus began in 1154 and stopped in 1242. Seljuk style is evident at the entrance of the health facility. Copper and geometrical designs are evident on different points of the structure. Figures of painted flower motifs, peacocks, and calligraphy are visible from the inside of the facility. A central fountain is located at the courtyard; the courtyard is bounded by numerous rooms. One of the rooms was a library. The Instrument of Istanbul Observatory Taqà ® al-Dà ®n al-Rà ¢sid, with the funding of Sultan Murad III, founded an Istanbul Observatory 400 ages back. Istanbul Observatory is located on the European side of Bosporous, and is one of the largest observatories established before 16th century. The Istanbul Obser vatory is comparable to other observatory like Nà ¢sir al-Dà ®n Tà »sà ®s Maragha observatory, Ulug Beys Samarqand observatory and Tycho Brahes Uroniborg observatory (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 12). The three key significance of an observatory is influenced by the value of the astronomers associated with the observatory, the gracefulness of the observatory and the type of work done in the observatory. Most observatories have devices that are categorised into movable and static instruments. Nevertheless, according to Taqà ® al-Dà ®n, the observable instruments found in Istanbul Observatory are fixed instruments. Tycho Brahe surpassed both Ptolemy and Taqà ® al-Dà ®n in the instrumentation field. From the field of construction and observation with the aid of different instruments or devices, it is imperative to note that Tycho Brahe was one of the great Muslims who developed astronomical instruments hospitals (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisa tion par. 14). Fixed instruments found in Istanbul Observatory An armillary sphere The Armillary Sphere is an astronomical instrument used to measure the position of celestial objects. It has three sets of rings. The extreme ring is referred to as the Liuheyi that has the Fixed Equatorial, Horizon, and Meridian Circle fused together firmly on a subsidiary structure. The intermediate one is the Sanchenyi and has four components (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 17). The Siyouyi is the interior set that revolves inside the Sanchenyi about the glacial alignment. Armillary sphere of Tycho Brahe A mural quadrant (Libna) Astronomers used a fresco quadrant, which astronauts use to observe the ascension of the stars and the sun; it measured angles of between 0-90 degrees. Mural quadrant of Tycho Brahe (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 14) An azimuthal semicircle The azimuthal is a device used to measure the stars’ azimuths and elevations. They had a copper ring that signified the horizon and a semi-circle that was at right angles to the horizon (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 10). Azimuthal semicircle Parallactic Rule This instrument was used to measure the moon’s parallax. It has three pieces of wood where the first piece is at right angles to the horizon, the second piece is connected at one end of the first piece while the third one is nailed near the base using a chord (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 8). Parallactic instrument of Tycho Brahe (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par 15) The wooden quadrant Astronomers do not only measure distance of the sun to zenith, but also ascertain the stars’ elevations using this gadget. It is made up of wooden rulers and forms a quarter of a full circle. The wooden quadrant Dioptra Dioptra is an apparatus used to measure deceptive breadths of eclipses and heavenly bodies, such as comets and meteorites. Diopt ra The instrument with cords This instrument measures equinoxes of fall and spring. The instrument with cords Sextant This device or gadget helps in measuring the gap between stars. Sextant of Tycho Brahe (Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 18) Alhaytham, Ibn. Scientists and Discovery Series. N.p., n.d. Web. Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation. N.p., 5 Oct. 2005. Web. Gardenour, Brenda S. The Development And Diffusion Of Alchemy From Antiquity To The Renaissance. N.p., 18 Nov. 2003. Web. Hassan, Aref. Technology and Applied Sciences. Paris: Unesco Publ, 2001. Print. Rahim, Habibeh. Alchemy: Islamic Alchemy. N.p., 4 Dec. 2005. Web. Thompson, Charles John Samuel. Alchemy and alchemists. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Consumer behaviour assignment list Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer behaviour assignment list - Coursework Example They are having their head quarter in the New York City. Aqua Gel Cleanser product will be having the features like it provides fresh and clean looks for the users. Exciting packaging and designing of the product will attract customers from various segments. Skin soothing policies of this cleanser are offered with cucumber, apple and aloe extracts. The cosmetic product is foam based product. Aqua Gel Cleanser is getting famous for the soap-free base and more skin friendly molecules. 1.2. Develop a tag line and a magazine ad (without the aid of a computer) by using creativity and not artistry. What can you build into your advertisements that will boost the chances that target audience members will take in the ad and send it along to short-term memory for processing? Are there elements in the ad that can be used to facilitate later retrieval of your message? Mainly, the cleansing gel products of Makeup Artistry Cosmetics will be facing closest competition from the Clinique and other Sephora products. Brand value of MAC increased due to extensive sensational makeup collection. MAC is adopting lucrative strategies to attract the customers towards cleansing products. Major aim of the advertising policies of MAC will adopt different features of the skin care gel. Nourishment factors of the MAC based cleansers and hydration quality aspects of cleaning skins are one of the major positive attributes of the new products. Features of more clearing and smooth facial skin provisions must be outlined in the advertising massage of MAC. In addition, MAC is offering more protection of the sensitive skins. Human skin will get more refresh policies with the use of such cleanser along with water. Advertisements of Aqua Gel Cleanser must have a proper tag line that will identify target audience and requirement of potential customers. Aqua Gel Cleanser will adopt the tag line of â€Å"hydra gel cleanser minimizing pores and smoothens skin

Contract and Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Contract and Event Management - Essay Example As such several a detailed analyses of the event, venue and budget should be prior to organizing the event. Both contract and event catering form different sectors of the hospitality industry. The word hospitality actually covers all aspects of the hotel and catering industry. It actually means that the guests and strangers be treated in a generous and friendly manner. Catering means offering of facilities to people, particularly the provision of food. Contract and Event Catering sector: Contract catering includes all services required to prepare and deliver meals to people working or living in different communities, public offices, private offices, schools, colleges etc. Whenever these services are deputed to a service provider, it is known as contract catering. In other words it is a legal agreement between the consumer and the caterer to supply food for a particular event or for a specified time. This ensures that better quality food is delivered to the consumer as the chefs understand the exact taste preferences of the consumer. Similarly, when service providers are hired to provide food for specific events like marriages, functions, get together(s) etc., it is known as event catering. The caterers are hired for events based on the menu that needs to be served to the guests. Event catering is a part of contract catering and event managers are hired to organize and plan the event as well as the menu. The menu is planned accordi ng to the taste of the guests as well as the event. The provision and consumption of alcohol must be carefully considered when organizing an event. Ineffective alcohol management, particularly irresponsible serving practices, can create risks for staff, event patrons and the public O’Sullivan & Longland (1999). There are mainly 3 types of event management, Services: the event contract should explicitly mention that what kind of services the event management body is going to offer during pre event, at the

Research Design | Risks to Relapses in Alcoholism

Research Design | Risks to Relapses in Alcoholism CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"There is this to be said in favor of drinking that it takes the drunk and first out of society then Out of the world.† Ralph Waldo Emerson Alcohol is a central nervous system stimulant at low doses, and depressant at higher doses. Alcohol beverages come in range of different strengths. Alcohol can include beer, wine, spirits (e.g. vodka, gin, whiskey, brandy, rum etc.).In India spirits, i.e. government licensed country, Indian made foreign liquors like rum, whiskey, vodka, gin and illicit distilled spirits constitute more than 95% alcohol consumption. (Jerald .K and Allan .T, 2006) Alcohol use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorder. Data from several epidemiological studies suggest that lifetime prevalence of alcohol use disorder in US is around 8 %.with as many as 25% suffering severe psychiatric disturbances. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are  anxiety  and  depression disorders. (Hasin et al., 2007) According to current concepts alcoholism is considered a disease and alcohol a â€Å"disease agent† which causes acute and chronic intoxication, cirrhosis of the liver, toxic psychosis, gastritis, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Alcohol is an important etiological factor in suicide, automobile and other accidents and injuries and deaths due to violence. The health problem for which alcohol is responsible is only part of total social damage which includes family disorganization, crime and loss of productivity. (Morgan, M. Y. Ritson, E. B, 2009) The pattern of drinking in India has changed from occasional and ritualistic use to social use. These developments have raised concerns about the health and the social consequences of excessive drinking. Nearly 30% of Indian men and 5% of Indian women are regular users of alcohol. (Balakrishnan. D and Subirkumar Das, 2006) Canvin Rebecca, (2012) reported that social factors such as affordability and availability of alcohol, peer pressure and buying of rounds in groups may have a role in causing alcohol dependence. National institute of alcohol abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA, 2000) reported that Tolerance, impaired control, withdrawal and compulsive use are the elements of alcohol dependence and also they reported that 40% of genetic factors and 60% of environmental factors plays a role in consuming alcohol. A serious problem with the treatment of alcohol dependence individuals is very low rate of compliance abstinence about 20%.( Noda et.al 2001) and treatment success rates are 30-60% depending on outcome measures like abstinence, heavy drinking and social functioning. Alcohol detoxification can be defined as a period of medical treatment, usually including counselling, during which a person is helped to overcome physical and psychological dependence on alcohol (Chang and Kosten 1997). The immediate objectives of alcohol detoxification are to help the patient to achieve a substance free state, relieve the immediate symptoms of withdrawal, and treat any co- morbid medical or psychiatric conditions. Alcohol detoxification can be completed safely and effectively in both inpatient and outpatient treatment settings. The process of detoxification in either setting initially involves the assessment and treatment of acute withdrawal symptoms, which may range from mild (e.g., tremor and insomnia) to severe (e.g., autonomic hyperactivity, seizures, and delirium).Medications are provided to help the patient to reduce the withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam and chlordiazepoxide) are the most commonly used drugs for this purpose, and their efficacy is well established. Benzodiazepines not only reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms but also prevent an alcohol withdrawal seizure, which is estimated in 1 to 4% of withdrawal patients (Schuckit, 1997). Disulfiram (Antabuse) is used as an adjunct to enhance the probability of long-term sobriety. Although patient compliance is problematic, disulfiram therapy has successfully decreased frequency of drinking in alcoholics who could not remain abstinent. A study of supervised disulfiram administration reported significant periods of sobriety of up to 12 months in 60% of patients treated. (Hester., R.K and Miller, W.R., 1989) Additional components of alcohol detoxification may include education and counselling to help the patient prepare for long-term treatment, attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, recreational and social activities, and medical or surgical consultations. (Boyd, M.A, 2005). For patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome, characterized by symptoms such as hand tremor, perspiration, heart palpitation, restlessness, loss of appetite, nausea/ vomiting, outpatient detoxification is as safe and effective as inpatient detoxification and is much less expensive and less time consuming. Among the drawbacks associated with outpatient detoxification is the increased risk of relapse resulting from the patient’s easy access to alcoholic beverages. In one of his study of 164 patients randomly assigned to inpatient or outpatient detoxification, significantly more inpatients than outpatients completed detoxification. (Hayashida et al. 1989) Miller et al. (1996) conducted a time expensive prospective study on post discharge functioning of 180 alcoholic patients. They concluded that relapse is a multidimensional construct that may be better understood if assessed in its multiple dimensions. Relapse promoting factors include anxiety, craving negative mood, childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress. (Gordon et al., 2006). Relapse inhibiting factors are self efficacy, social suppression, coping (Brown et al., 1995), spirituality, peer support, group attendance, continuing care and progressive involvement (Miller et al., 1999) The warning signs of relapse are Denial, Avoidance, Crisis, Confusion, Depression, Loss of Control regarding Behavior, Struggling with Personal Schedule and Self-Pity.(Ballard,K.A.,Kennedy,W.Z and O’Brien 2008). An analysis of 48 episodes of relapse revealed that most relapses were associated with three high-risk situations: (1) frustration and anger, (2) social pressure, and (3) interpersonal temptation. (Cooney. 1987) Desai et al, (1993) conducted a treatment outcome study of alcoholism and reported that among those who relapsed, the most common factor for drinking was negative emotional states.Among treated individuals, more severe alcohol-related problems and depressive symptoms, lack of self-efficacy and poor coping skills have been associated with short-term relapse. Terence T. Gorski Merlene Miller, (1982) Relapse does not begin with the first drink. Relapse begins when a person reactivates patterns of denial, isolation, elevated stress, and impaired judgment. Polich J.M, (1981) Relapse is so common in alcohol dependence patients and that it is estimated more than 90% of those trying to remain abstinent have at least one relapse before they achieve lasting sobriety.Foster et al (2000) report a study of 64 alcohol-dependent patients admitted for either 7 or 28 days of alcohol detoxification treatment. About 60% relapsed over the 3-month follow-up period. Marlatt G.A and Gardon J.R (1980) Another way to reduce drug relapse is through relapse prevention strategies. Relapse prevention attempts to group the factors that contribute to relapse into two broad categories: 1. Immediate determinants 2. Covert antecedents. Immediate determinants are the environmental and emotional situations that are associated with relapse, including high-risk situations that threaten an individual’s sense of control,andexpectancies. Covert antecedents, which are less obvious factors influencing relapse, include lifestyle factors such as stress level and balance, urges and  cravings. The relapse prevention model teaches addicts to anticipate relapse by recognizing and coping with various immediate determinants and covert antecedents. NEED FOR THE STUDY APA (2000), reported that Alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, is often a progressive chronic disorder and recognized as a disease. It is a common disorder posing a heavy burden on patients, their families, and society. It has a high prevalence rate compared with many other diseases and highlights the public health significance. At international level, GISAH (2005). The Global Information System on Alcohol and Health reported that the harmful use of alcohol results in the death of 2.5 million people annually. There are 60 different types of diseases where alcohol has a significant causal role. It also causes harm to the well-being and health of people living around the drinker. In 2005, the worldwide total consumption was equal to 6.13 liters of pure alcohol per person at 15 years and older. Unrecorded consumption accounts for nearly 30% of the worldwide total adult consumption. (Pratima Murthy, 2010) Alcohol dependence is recognised as mental health disorders by the World Health Organization. It ranked alcohol as the third most important risk factor for the increase in the number of disability-adjusted life years in Portugal, as well as in Europe, preceded by tobacco smoking (second risk factor) and hypertension (first risk factor) .WHO ,(2005) Alcohol related hospital admissions increased by 85% between 2002/03 and 2008/09, accounting for 945,000 admissions with a primary or secondary diagnosis wholly or partly related to alcohol in 2006/07 and comprising 7% of all hospital admissions. (North West Public Health Observatory, 2010). (Pratima Murthy, 2010) Manickam, (1994) reported that in Kerala the approximate number of people being de addicted would be 255 in a year at one centre. Through all the centres, the number of people de addicted would be 308557. After the first month following an alcohol detoxification, relapse rates range between 19% for inpatients and 34% for outpatients and increase to about 46 and 48% respectively, after 6 months (Hayashida et al.,1989) in California In national alcohol survey to assess the risk of relapse in people with remitted alcohol dependence, they assessed 17772 adults of alcohol use and alcohol use disorder and followed for 3 years. At the baseline interview, 25% of subjects drank risky amounts, 38% drank lower-risk amounts, and 37% abstained. They concluded that relapse is common among people in remission from alcohol dependence and much more likely if they are drinking risky amounts. The results support the need to carefully monitor and support abstinence in people with remitted alcohol dependence. NIAA (2000) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol reported approximately 90% of alcoholics will experience one or more relapses during the four years after treatment. By understanding what the common relapse triggers are, we will be better prepared to maintain sobriety and live the healthy life we want. Prasad (1996) in a treatment outcome study reported a relapse rate of 41% at 6 months follow up of alcohol dependence patients which was conducted in NIMHANS, Bangalore. Prakash et al. (1997), conducted a study on relapse in alcoholism, found negative emotional states as a major interpersonal trigger for relapse in Bangalore. Elis and McClure, (1992) conducted a meta analysis and found that about 6 of 10 patients with alcohol dependence will relapse in the 6 months following detoxification, as estimated by the median of 61% relapse rate obtained in several studies. This high rate of relapse in a relatively short period is a reason for searching for the factors that better predict treatment outcomes. During the observational visit, in Kasturba deaddiction centre, the researcher came across many alcohol dependence patients. There she identified the relapsed cases of alcohol dependence patients and she enquired with the relapsed patients about their return to drinking. They said many of the reasons like family problems, financial problems, participation in ritual functions, peer pressure and unable to control their thoughts of drinking. This triggers the researcher to reduce the relapse cases by identifying the risk factors earlier by using the relapse risk assessment tools during their follow up periods in deaddiction centre. So the researcher undertook this study as a stepping stone to identify or to explore the risk of relapse of alcohol dependence patients under detoxification treatment. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to explore the risk of relapse in alcohol dependence patients who are under detoxification treatment in kasturba deaddiction centre, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To assess the risk of relapse in alcohol dependence patients under detoxification treatment To associate the risk of relapse in alcohol dependence patients who are under detoxification treatment with selected demographic and clinical variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Relapse Refers falling back into a state of previous drinking after detoxification treatment which is measured by alcohol relapse risk scale. Alcohol dependence patient Alcohol dependence is a substance related disorder in which an individual is addicted to alcohol both physically and mentally, and continues to use alcohol despite significant areas of dysfunction. In this study it refers patients who are coming for follow up under detoxification treatment in kasturba deaddiction centre. Detoxification treatment Refers to a treatment in alcohol dependence patients for removal of existing toxins from the body which is accumulated because of alcoholism by using drugs like Librium, Diazepam, and Lorazepam. ASSUMPTION Relapse may be common and predictable in alcohol dependence patients under detoxification treatment. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought. Also its a theoretical structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that holds together the ideas comprising a broad concept. The  transtheoretical modelof behavior change assess an individuals readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual through the stages of change to Action and Maintenance. James O. Prochaska  of the  University of Rhode Island  and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model of behaviour change in 1977.It is based on analysis and use of different theories of psychotherapy, hence the name transtheoretical. STAGES OF CHANGE There are 5 stages in transtheoretical model. Change is a process involving progress through a series of stages. STAGE I: PRECONTEMPLATION (NOT READY) The process of change of alcohol drinking behaviour of an alcohol dependence individual starts with consciousness- raising about ill effects of alcohol by public medias like television, radio, and internet and also through newspaper, health magazines etc. STAGE II: CONTEMPLATION (GETTING READY) The alcohol dependence individual evaluates himself about his alcohol drinking behaviour and imagines how he will be when he stops the alcohol drinking behaviour. STAGE III: PREPARATION (READY) The individual realizes that the society is also not supporting the unhealthy behaviours like alcohol drinking. So he makes commitments to change this unhealthy behaviour by believing his ability to change. STAGE IV: ACTION The alcohol dependence individual makes discussion with his family and friends about changing the alcohol drinking behaviour.With family and friends support he approaches deaddiction centre to change his alcohol drinking behaviour. STAGE V: MAINTENANCE After getting inpatient detoxification, the alcohol dependence individuals are coming regularly for follow up visits to deaddiction centre and they are teaching about cue control measures,mainteneance of self efficacy and how to manage high risk situations. After the maintenance the alcohol dependence individual will enter either into: TERMINATION – the alcohol dependence individual possess zero temptation and craving and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping. RELAPSE-The alcohol dependence individual return from Action or Maintenance stage to his earlier unhealthy alcohol drinking behaviour because of stimulus induced vulnerability factors,emotionality problems,compulsivity for alcohol,lack of negative expectancy for alcohol and positive expectancy for alcohol. Intersectionality: Making a difference Intersectionality: Making a difference Intersectionality is defined as the relationships among multiple dimensions of identities and modalities of social relations and experiences of exclusion and subordination, including gender, class, race, ethnicity, nationality and sexuality (Collins 2000; McCall 2005; Davis 2008). It starts on the premise that everyone live multiple, layered identities. The theory attempts to expose the different types of discrimination and disadvantages that occur as a consequence of the combination of biological, social and cultural identities (AWID 2004). Intersectionality, as coined by Crenshaw (1989) attempts to address the fact that the experiences and struggles of women of colour fell between the cracks of both feminist and anti-racist discourse (AWID 2004; Davis 2008). Subsequently, this concept had extended to the understanding of women holding different disadvantaged social identities. Such intersections indicate that oppression cannot be reduced to one fundamental type, and that oppressions intersect together in producing injustice and inequality, instead of multiplying around the different social identities (Collins 2000; Conanhan 2009; Yuval-Davis 2007). An understanding of intersectionality suggested the attainment of political and social equality of disadvantaged women and improving the global democratic system (Harjunen 2008). This paper attempts to understand the intersection of social identities of Foreign Domestic Workers (FDWs) in Singapore. The number of women coming into Singapore to work as a FDW had increased over the years, and the increment of these outsiders had created many negative stigmas towards them, discursively created by the State and the society. By understanding the intersectionality these women face, it will establish an understanding of what shapes their experiences and opportunities as an FDW in a foreign land. Domain of study: Foreign Domestic Worker (FDW) in Singapore As the temporary home to 196,000 Foreign Domestic Workers (FDWs) and an estimate of employment of one live-in domestic worker in every five households (Daipi 2010), Singapore was and is an immigrant society. The FDW performs various household and maintenance chores for the families, including cooking, cleaning and care-giving to the young and elderly. Evidently, many FDWs now are the caregiver for babies and toddlers while their mothers were obliged to put in long working hours in the old male model and subordinate their family time for work demands. This may constitute more than mere care-giving, where many FDWs devote their love and emotional attachment to their young employers as a response to what the FDWs cannot provide for her own child (Hochschild 2004). With the introduction of the Foreign Maid Scheme in 1978  [1]  , labour mobilization of women was promoted by the government which prioritises economic development that brought about the significance of the Singapore femal e labour. FDWs have since been a visible feature of households in Singapore. This gradually led to the outlook of an ideal family in the Singapore context that comprises not only the kin but also the fictive kin. The ideal family in Singapore is one that consists of two working parents, a foreign maid who looks after their child(ren) and an older relative usually a grandmother to supervise the domestic worker (Teo 2011). According to Ochiai (2010), the model of Care Diamonds as proposed depicts patterns of care provision in each society in four different sectors, namely the State, the Market, the Family (and Relatives) and the Community. C:UsersshiminDesktopPicture1.png Figure . Care Diamonds in Singapore In the Singapore context, we see that there is a good proportion of care responsibility of familialism falling onto the Market, which reflects the bulk of welfare responsibility towards its members, in terms of both income distribution and care provision (Ochiai 2010) falling from the Family into the hands of the foreign domestic and care workers from the Market. This signifies the importance and prevalence of FDW in Singapore families, in both child care and elder care. It also shows the trend where families are now more prone in outsourcing their filial piety, which is also known as liberal familialism as the cost of purchasing care services is still borne by the family (Ochiai 2010). This is constituted as discussed from the increase participation of female labour into the workforce that displaces the natural caregiver role from the woman in the family to the woman from the market. Outsourcing the domestic chores in the house to the FDWs living in, they may become not merely an employee but close to a fictive kin through the constant interactions. This propels the assignment of kin relationships to non-family who embody the special characteristics of family, and are those who provide caregiving and emotional attachment like family and are given the labour of kin with its attendant affection, rights, and obligations (Gubruim and Buckholdt 1982; Tronto 1993; Karner 1998). FDW and Singaporeans  [2]   FDWs in Singapore are live-in domestic helpers (Ministry of Manpower 2013), and this establishes a close fictive kinship living under one roof. As a Singaporean who was raised by a kin (instead of a fictive kin) all my life, I decided to interview some employers of FDWs and learn about how they perceive these supposedly fictive kin. In my understanding, the acknowledgement of the status of a fictive kin has to be conscious between the FDW and the employer like a two-way traffic. This contradicted with the literature definition (Tronto 1993) which only addresses fictive kin as a person who provides kin-like care. Though most of these employers deem the help of FDWs to ease their load in housework, some of them do not recognise the FDWs as a fictive kin, but as a mere employee who I hire with money. For the employers who do not deem the FDWs as helpful, they made frequent complaints about the FDWs work including criticism such as stupid and clumsy towards the FDWs productivity in front of others in the presence of the FDW, lack of appreciation by saying please or thank you or blamed for mistakes that were not committed by the FDWs. This can adversely affect the psychological well-being of the FDW who are labelled as quiet indignities. Moreover, research shows that though there is a decrease in maid abuse cases in Singapore for the past 10 years, there still possesses a great number of cases where FDWs were stripped of basic human rights, including not being allowed to go out of the house, not having enough time to rest and having a heavy workload (Transient Workers Count Too 2011). This affects the physical well-being of the FDWs. The psychologically and physical well-being of the FDWs tend to be jeopardised in Singapore because of the inferior-superior mentality held by the employers towards their FDWs. A minute fraction of the employers acknowledged the FDWs as a great help in the house and a fictive kin, where these employers will buy new clothes for the FDWs, invites her to join in for dinners, and bring her along during family vacations. FDW and Intersectionality Figure . Intersectionality in FDWs in Singapore As a FDW, some of the axes of social identities that she holds include the intersection of her gender, nationality and social class. Each of these axes contributes to inequality on its own facet, and a complete picture will be portrayed when these facets intersect. As a social construct, gender emphasises the biological and psychological differences between man and women, which had constituted to the inherent power relationships. Nationality is also a social construct that emphasises on the basis of the arbitrary division and belongingness towards geographical spaces. Social class as a social identity determines the access to resources, which then shapes the power and position of the individual and the family in the society. Notably, these FDWs braved through obstacles to come to a foreign land alone to work in. The inherent power relations from different social identities differentiated the FDW and the employer, in an in-group-out-group context. This empowers employers to discriminate and oppress these FDWs which affect their opportunities and experiences as a FDW in Singapore, and it is tougher when she is helpless without the support of her community. Gender and Social Class In Singapore, FDWs had been portrayed as the lowest strata in the society. The society, constituted by the local policies  [3]  , associated an FDW to only the female gender. The legalization of the legislation that FDWs are strictly females also constitute to the internalization and naturalization of women occupying jobs in this sector. Comparatively, their female counterparts in Singapore were able to enjoy an overall increase in access to education, higher education, healthcare from the industrialization of the nation in the late 1960s, allowing Singapore to attain one of the highest standards of living amongst its neighbours in Southeast Asia. This improvement of status was not universal and not extended to the FDWs, who were mainly from Indonesia and Philippines (Humans Right Watch 2005; Arifin 2012). Despite both females being conformed in a patriarchal society in Singapore, the FDWs and the Singapore females were clearly distinct in their class status which is evident from the developments of the two groups of countries. This is despite that many FDWs were college graduates (International Labour Organisation 2007) but still segregated into the low-wage, low-prestige domestic work in Singapore. This instils a superior-inferior relationship between Singaporeans and FDWs. This hence led to negative stigmas from the Singapore women who were the employers, who acknowledged the FDWs as their assistance and also their inferior (Arifin 2012). Gender and Nationality As the policies  [4]  in Singapore discourage Singaporean women to participate in the domestic service sector, there is a synonym of women from the sending countries (predominantly Indonesia and Philippines) as maids in Singapore (Human Rights Watch 2005; Law and Nadeau 2009). As the provision of domestic service is seen as difficult, dirty and demeaning, these FDWs are portrayed as unskilled labour. In the patriarchal society, these women are not duly respected for their contributions, yet perceived as inferior as of their gender as a female and their nationality recognised as sending countries for FDWs both identities equating to the identity of maid. This created a discursive idea of FDWs as Other in the society. They are held with sharp contrast with other foreigners who come to Singapore with better skills, commonly addressed as foreign talent or expatriates. The call for talent capital from places such as United Kingdom, Australia and North America had allowed Singapore to be ranked as the top expat destination in the world (HSBC 2012). Evidently, the economic and social development between the two groups of origin countries differs greatly. Though there are more FDWs than foreign expatriates in the country (National Population and Talent Division 2013), there is a huge disparity between, in their income, respect received, and inherent stigma since these foreign expatriates are the people with the ability to hire these FDWs despite both being foreigners in the country. Discourses by the State portray FDWs as a sexual and social threat that breaks up Singaporean families and portrays expatriates as saviours of National Survival (Koh 2003; Human Rights Watch 2005). The demonization by the State further deepens the existing stereotypes towards FDWs. Intersection of social identities The intersection of gender, social class and nationality constructed the negative stigma of these FDWs in Singapore. It created a social hierarchy where FDWs were strained to the lowest strata without any mobility. Mobility is prohibited by the government through their policies that forbid FDWs to be covered under the Employment Act, or to be able to obtain citizenship from her length of stay and contribution to the economy (Human Rights Watch 2012; Ministry of Manpower 2013). In contrast, mobility is made available in countries like Canada where their live-in caregivers are permitted for permanent residence in Canada after two years of authorized live-in employment in Canadian households (Citizenship and Immigration Canada 2013). Reduced as a commodity in the global labour market, the FDWs brought about seemly traces of slavery in the modern world. Without adequate social and legal recognition for paid domestic service, the commercialised employment relationship with these fictive-kin FDWs can only be confined in an oppressive, family-like hierarchy. FDWs often engages in a power struggle (and often lose out) as they are not in any position, financially or psychologically, to negotiate their working conditions even if they deem it over exhaustive (Ueno 2008). With the improvement in social aspects in life including educational profile and healthcare for women, we see an increase of 10.3% in the women participating in the labour force in Singapore for the past 10 years (Ministry of Manpower 2011). With more women expected to participate in the economy in the future, there will be an increase in the care gap in families which signifies the greater need for FDWs. However, this may also means there will be more opportunities for oppressions to take place that will further undermine the physical and psychological well-being of FDWs. The next step: Recognition The struggle of FDWs in Singapore exceeds more than what the intersectionality of social identities as discussed they also have to struggle with their employers lack of appreciation of FDWs as a fictive kin. This can be problematic because a fictive kin relationship improves the quality of care and retrieves personal meanings for both the provider and the recipient (Lan 2003) and the oppression will be a hinder to the delivery of a kin-like care service. However, their social identities which are ascribed rather than achieved, confines them into a superior-inferior relationship with their female counterparts in Singapore. It reciprocates if an employer is more understanding to the FDW and evidently the appreciation will be mutual. Institutions such as the employer and the State can step in to improve the situation where both the sending and receiving countries can include FDWs into Employment Acts to protect them from physical and psychological harm, and to provide them with basic rights extended to every employee. As employers, one has to be reflexive and mindful that the FDW is also another human being with her own thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and hence behaving as a proper employer who treats her FDW well, even to the extent of a fictive kin, will be a good capital for the family members. By being aware of how they understanding their own experience and how their social identities intersect, it is empathetic to relate to how these women struggle through oppressions, all by herself. Appendix Foreign Maid Scheme in Singapore In 1978, Singapore introduced the Foreign Maid Scheme which permits the employment of women from selected Asian countries as live-in domestic workers (UNIFEM Singapore 2011). The scheme is introduced to encourage the participation of local women in the formal economy by introducing an extra helper to maintain the family. The high and steady rate of economic growth demanded massive number of labour in all sectors. The low population and low fertility rate of Singaporeans thus was not able to fulfil the demands of the labour market. Moreover, Singaporeans were not keen to work in the unskilled sectors including domestic work, as influenced by the rising socioeconomic conditions and educational level of Singaporeans. According to the Ministry of Manpower, FDWs will be employed under strict regulations, including their source country, age and educational attainment, and subsequent regulations inbound which assures their transience. These regulations were set forth as the political leaders assume that the presence of unskilled migrant workers and domestic workers will disrupt the Singapore society if left unregulated (Yeoh and Annadhurai 2008). Requirements for a Foreign Domestic Worker The following summarises the FDWs requirements in Singapore (Ministry of Manpower 2013. The list of requirements can be found in: http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fdw/before-you-apply/Pages/basic-requirements-of-a-foreign-domestic-worker.aspx: C:UsersshiminDesktopPicture2.png Intersectionality as a critique to Multiple Discrimination Mentioned in the EU Report on the Multiple Discrimination in EU Law, EU initially had a sole definition of multiple discrimination as an overarching notion, neutral notion for all instances of discrimination between multiple domains including race, age, language, ethnicity, culture, religion or disability or because they are indigenous people (UN 1995). The definition of intersectionality debated the EU legal discourse and reinforces the importance of encompassing the notion of gender as an important domain when it discusses the discrimination suffered primarily by the intersection of domains in many instances of discrimination suffered especially by women. It criticises that the mathematical notion that may be conjured by multiplying around the separate strands of discrimination which in reality intersect (Conanhan 2009; Yuval-Davis 2007). Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages Precision agriculture Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. It requires the use of new technologies, such as global positioning (GPS), sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information management tools (GIS) to assess and understand variations. Collected information may be used to more precisely evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers and other inputs needs, and to more accurately predict crop yields. It seeks to avoid applying inflexible practices to a crop, regardless of local soil/climate conditions, and may help to better assess local situations of disease or lodging. Satellites allow farmers to easily survey their land.[2] Global Positioning Systems (GPS) monitor can find the location of a field to within one meter. It can then present a series of GIS maps that demonstrate which fields are moist or dry, and where there is erosion of soil and other soil factors that stunt crop growth. The data can be used by the farmer to automatically regulate the machine application of fertilizer and pesticide[2]. In the American Midwest (US) it is associated not with sustainable agriculture but with mainstream farmers who are trying to maximize profits by spending money only in areas that need fertilizer. This practice allows the farmer to vary the rate of fertilizer across the field according to the need identified by GPS guided Grid Sampling. Fertilizer that would have been spread in areas that dont need it can be placed in areas that do, thereby optimizing its use. Precision farming may be used to improve a field or a farm management from several perspectives: agronomical perspective: adjustment of cultural practices to take into account the real needs of the crop (e.g., better fertilization management) technical perspective: better time management at the farm level (e.g. planning of agricultural activity) environmental perspective: reduction of agricultural impacts (better estimation of crop nitrogen needs implying limitation of nitrogen run-off) economical perspective: increase of the output and/or reduction of the input, increase of efficiency (e.g., lower cost of nitrogen fertilization practice) Other benefits for the farmer geostatistics integrated farming Integrated Pest Management nutrient budgeting nutrient management precision viticulture Agriculture Landsat program Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probable distributions for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of disease (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistics are incorporated in tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models. History This section requires expansion with: details. Background When any phenomena is measured, the observation methodology will dictate the accuracy of subsequent analysis; in geography, this issue is complicated by unique variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An interesting feature in geostatistics is that every location displays some form of spatial pattern, whether in the form of the environment, climate, pollution, urbanization or human health. This is not to state that all variables are spatially dependent, simply that variables are incapable of measurement separate from their surroundings, such that there can be no perfect control population. Whether the study is concerned with the nature of traffic patterns in an urban core, or with the analysis of weather patterns over the Pacific, there are always variables which escape measurement; this is determined directly by the scale and distribution of the data collection, or survey, and its methodology. Limitations in data collection make it impossible to make a direct meas ure of continuous spatial data without inferring probabilities, some of these probability functions are applied to create an interpolation surface predicting unmeasured variables at innumerable locations. Geostatistical terms Regionalized variable theory Covariance function Semi-variance Variogram Kriging Range (geostatistics) Sill (geostatistics) Nugget effect Criticism A major contributor to this section (or its creator) appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedias content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. ({{{November 2009}}}) Jan W Merks, a mineral sampling expert consultant from Canada, has strongly criticized[1] geostatistics since 1992. Referring to it as voodoo science[2] and scientific fraud, he claims that geostatistics is an invalid branch of statistics. Merks submits[2] that geostatistics ignores the variance of Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade, ignores the concept of degrees of freedom of a data set when testing for spatial dependence by applying Fishers F-test to the variance of a set and the first variance term of the ordered set, abuses statistics by not using analysis of variance properly, replaced genuine variances of single distance-weighted average point grades with pseudo-variances of sets of distance-weighted average point grades, violating the one-to-one correspondence between variances and functions such as Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade. Furthermore, Merks claims geostatistics inflates mineral reserve and resources such as in the case of Bre-Xs fraud. Merkss expertise and credibility are supported by several company executives, who regularly hire his consulting services[3]. Philip and Watson have also criticized geostatistics in the past [4]. There is a consensus that inappropriate use of geostatistics makes the method susceptible to erroneous reading of results[3][5]. Related software gslib is a set of fortran 77 routines (open source) implementing most of the classical geostatistics estimation and simulation algorithms sgems is a cross-platform (windows, unix), open-source software that implements most of the classical geostatistics algorithms (kriging, Gaussian and indicator simulation, etc) as well as new developments (multiple-points geostatistics). It also provides an interactive 3D visualization and offers the scripting capabilities of python. gstat is an open source computer code for multivariable geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation. The gstat functionality is also available as an S extension, either as R package or S-Plus library. besides gstat, R has at least six other packages dedicated to geostatistics and other areas in spatial statistics. Notes 1. ^ A website that criticizes Matheronian geostatistics ^ a b See (Merks 1992) 3. ^ a b Sandra Rubin, Whistleblower raises doubts over ore bodies, Financial Post, September 30, 2002. ^ See (Philip and Watson 1986). 5. ^ Statistics for Spatial Data, Revised Edition, Noel A. C. Cressie, ISBN 978-0-471-00255-0. References 1. Armstrong, M and Champigny, N, 1988, A Study on Kriging Small Blocks, CIM Bulletin, Vol 82, No 923  Armstrong, M, 1992, Freedom of Speech? De Geeostatisticis, July, No 14 3. Champigny, N, 1992, Geostatistics: A tool that works, The Northern Miner, May 18 4. Clark I, 1979, Practical Geostatistics, Applied Science Publishers, London 5. David, M, 1977, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam 6. Hald, A, 1952, Statistical Theory with Engineering Applications, John Wiley Sons, New York 7. Chilà ¨s, J.P., Delfiner, P. 1999. Geostatistics: modelling spatial uncertainty, Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 695 pp. 8. Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G, 1997. GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and Users Guide (Applied Geostatistics Series), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 369 pp., http://www.gslib.com/ 9. Deutsch, C.V., 2002. Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 384 pp., http://www.statios.com/WinGslib/index.html 10. Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava R.M.: Applied Geostatistics. 1989. 11. ISO/DIS 11648-1 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials-Part1: General principles 12. Journel, A G and Huijbregts, 1978, Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press 13:.Kitanidis, P.K.: Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications in Hydrogeology, Cambridge University Press. 1997. 14. Lantuà ©joul, C. 2002. Geostatistical simulation: models and algorithms. Springer, 256 pp. 15. Lipschutz, S, 1968, Theory and Problems of Probability, McCraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 16. Matheron, G. 1962. Traità © de gà ©ostatistique appliquà ©e. Tome 1, Editions Technip, Paris, 334 pp. 17. Matheron, G. 1989. Estimating and choosing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 18. McGrew, J. Chapman, Monroe, Charles B., 2000. An introduction to statistical problem solving in geography, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. 19. Merks, J W, 1992, Geostatistics or voodoo science, The Northern Miner, May 18 20. Merks, J W, Abuse of statistics, CIM Bulletin, January 1993, Vol 86, No 966 21. Myers, Donald E.; What Is Geostatistics? 22. Philip, G M and Watson, D F, 1986, Matheronian Geostatistics; Quo Vadis?, Mathematical Geology, Vol 18, No 1 23. Sharov, A: Quantitative Population Ecology, 1996, http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html 24. Shine, J.A., Wakefield, G.I.: A comparison of supervised imagery classification using analyst-chosen and geostatistically-chosen training sets, 1999, http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm 25. Strahler, A. H., and Strahler A., 2006, Introducing Physical Geography, 4th Ed., Wiley. 26. Volk, W, 1980, Applied Statistics for Engineers, Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York. 27. Wackernagel, H. 2003. Multivariate geostatistics, Third edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 387 pp. 28. Yang, X. S., 2009, Introductory Mathematics for Earth Scientists, Dunedin Academic Press, 240pp. 29. Youden, W J, 1951, Statistical Methods for Chemists: John Wiley Sons, New York. External links Kriging link, contains explanations of variance in geostats Arizona university geostats page A resource on the internet about geostatistics and spatial statistics On-Line Library that chronicles Matherons journey from classical statistics to the new science of geostatistics Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics Categories: Geostatistics Hidden categories: Statistics articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from August 2009 | All articles needing expert attention | Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles to be expanded from January 2010 | All articles to be expanded | Wikipedia expand-section box with explanation text | Articles to be expanded from August 2008 | Wikipedia articles with sections containing possible conflicts of interest Integrated farming (or integrated agriculture) is a commonly and broadly used word to explain a more integrated approach to farming as compared to existing monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production and may sometimes be known as Integrated Biosystems. While not often considered as part of the permaculture movement Integrated Farming is a similar whole systems approach to agriculture[1]. There have been efforts to link the two together such as at the 2007 International Permaculture Conference in Brazil[2]. Agro-ecology (which was developed at University of California Santa Cruz) and Bio-dynamic farming also describe similar integrated approaches. Examples include: pig tractor systems where the animals are confined in crop fields well prior to planting and plow the field by digging for roots poultry used in orchards or vineyards after harvest to clear rotten fruit and weeds while fertilizing the soil cattle or other livestock allowed to graze cover crops between crops on farms that contain both cropland and pasture (or where transhumance is employed) Water based agricultural systems that provide way for effective and efficient recycling of farm nutrients producing fuel, fertilizer and a compost tea/mineralized irrigation water in the process. In 1993 FARRE (Forum de lAgriculture Raisonnà ©e Respecteuse lEnvironnement) developed agricultural techniques France as part of an attempt to reconcile agricultural methods with the principles of sustainable development. FARRE, promotes an integrated and/or multi-sector approach to food production that includes profitability, safety, animal welfare, social responsibility and environmental care. Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (formed in 1994 by the eco-entrepreneur [1]) developed a similar approach to FARRE seeking to promote agricultural and industrial production models that sought to incorporate natures wisdom into the process. ZERI helped support an effort by an environmental engineer from Mauritius named George Chan. Chan working with a network of poly-culture farming pioneers began refining Integrated Farming practices that had already been developed in south-east Asia in the 60,70s and 80s, building on the ancient Night soil farming practice. In China, programs embracing this form of integrated farming have been successful in demonstrating how an intensive growing systems can use organic and sustainable farming practices, while providing a high agriculture yield. Taking what he learned from the Chinese during his time there, Chan worked at the UN University in the 1990s and forwarded an approach to Integrated Farming which was termed Integrated Biomass Systems working specifically under the UNU/ZERI ZERI Bag Program. Chan during his work with UNU sought to make the case that Integrated Biomass Systems were well suited to help small island nations and low lying tropical regions become more self-reliant and prosperous in the production of food[3]. Working with ZERI, he developed several prototypes for this approach around the world including sites in Namibia and Fiji. The scientifically verified results in a UNDP sponsored congress in 1997 resulted in the adoption of the IBS by the State Government of Paranà ¡, Brazil where dozens of piggeries have applied the system generating food, energy while improving health and environmental conditions. Montfort Boys Town in Fiji was one of the first Integrated Biomass Systems developed outside of Southeast Asia with the support of UNU, UNDP and other international agencies. The project which is still operational continues to be a model of how farm operations can provide multiple benefits to stakeholders both local and international. ZERI Bag had a significant African component that included assisting Father Godfrey Nzamujo in the development of the Songhai Farm Integrated Farming project in Benin[4] . Most recently The Heifer Foundation a major international NGO based in the USA has taken a lead role in deploying Integrated Farming so that it can be replicated globally as an effective approach to sustainable farming in non-affluent regions such as Vietnam[5]. References 1. ^ Steve Divers work linking Integrated Farming with Permaculture: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/perma.html 2. ^ Report includes reference to presentation on Integrated Farming by permaculture and ZERI practitioner Eric Fedus and Alexandre Takamatsu 3. ^ Small Islands and ZERI: A unique case for the Application of ZERI: A Paper presented by George Chan of the United Nations University at an International Symposium on Small Islands and Sustainable Development organized by the United Nations University and the National Land Agency of Japan: http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/chan.html 4. ^ ZERI Bag was designed to focus on small scale deployment of appropriate technologies with a focus on the Integrated Biomass System approach developed by ZERI and George Chan http://www.zeri.unam.na/africa.htm 5. ^ http://www.heifer.org/site/c.edJRKQNiFiG/b.2877337/ External links FARRE homepage Integrated farming of fish, crop and livestock Design an construction of an intergated fish farm Integrated Farming System by George Chan wiki on integrated farming Songhai Centre in Benin IPM: In agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical devices, physical devices, genetic, biological, cultural management, and chemical management. These methods are done in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. It is an ecological approach with a main goal of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level.[1] For their leadership in developing and spreading IPM worldwide, Dr. Perry Adkisson and Dr. Ray F. Smith received the 1997 World Food Prize. History of IPM Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available, entomologists in California developed the concept of supervised insect control. Around the same time, entomologists in cotton-belt states such as Arkansas were advocating a similar approach. Under this scheme, insect control was supervised by qualified entomologists, and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of pest and natural-enemy populations. This was viewed as an alternative to calendar-based insecticide programs. Supervised control was based on a sound knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations. Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the integrated control that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s. Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest. Chemical insecticides were to be used in manner least disruptive to biological control. The term integrated was thus synonymous with compatible. Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level (the economic threshold) that required treatment to prevent the population from reaching a level (the economic injury level) at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the artificial control measures. IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include tactics other than just chemical and biological controls. Artificial controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control, but these now had to be compatible with control tactics for all classes of pests. Other tactics, such as host-plant resistance and cultural manipulations, became part of the IPM arsenal. IPM added the multidisciplinary element, involving entomologists, plant pathologists, nematologists, and weed scientists. In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President Nixon directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the concept and application of IPM in all relevant sectors. In 1979, President Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices. (references: The History of IPM, BioControl Reference Center. [1] How IPM works An IPM regime can be quite simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of IPM programs was on agricultural insect pests.[2] Although originally developed for agricultural pest management, IPM programs are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds, and other pests that interfere with the management objectives of sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. An IPM system is designed around six basic components: The US Environmental Protection Agency has a useful set of IPM principles. [2] 1. Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more costly, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. IPM programs first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but at another site it may not be acceptable. This stops the pest gaining resistance to chemicals produced by the plant or applied to the crops. If many of the pests are killed then any that have resistance to the chemical will rapidly reproduce forming a resistant population. By not killing all the pests there are some un-resistant pests left that will dilute any resistant genes that appear. 2. Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine and cultural techniques such as crop sanitation (e.g. removal of diseased plants to prevent spread of infection). 3. Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection and second; identification.[3] Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other measurement methods and monitoring tools are used to monitor pest levels. Accurate pest identification is critical to a successful IPM program. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of the behavior and reproductive cycles of target pests. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on the temperature of their environment. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree days. Monitor the degree days of an environment to determine when is the optimal time for a specific insects outbreak. 4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding. 5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category. 6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), and further biology-based or ecological techniques are under evaluation. IPM is applicable to all types of agriculture and sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation, and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM a perfect fit for organic farming (the synthetic chemical option is simply not considered). For large-scale, chemical-based farms, IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs of pesticide application material and labor. 1. Proper identification of pest What is it? Cases of mistaken identity may result in ineffective actions. If plant damage due to over-watering are mistaken for a fungal infection, a spray may be used needlessly and the plant still dies. 2. Learn pest and host life cycle and biology. At the time you see a pest, it may be too late to do much about it except maybe spray with a pesticide. Often, there is another stage of the life cycle that is susceptible to preventative actions. For example, weeds reproducing from last years seed can be prevented with mulches. Also, learning what a pest needs to survive allows you to remove these. 3. Monitor or sample environment for pest population How many are here? Preventative actions must be taken at the correct time if they are to be effective. For this reason, once you have correctly identified the pest, you begin monitoring BEFORE it becomes a problem. For example, in school cafeterias where roaches may be expected to appear, sticky traps are set out before school starts. Traps are checked at regular intervals so you can see them right away and do something before they get out of hand. Some of the things you might want to monitor about pest populations include: Is the pest present/absent? What is the distribution all over or only in certain spots? Is the pest population increasing or decreasing? 4. Establish action threshold (economic, health or aesthetic) How many are too many? In some cases, a certain number of pests can be tolerated. Soybeans are quite tolerant of defoliation, so if you have only a few caterpillars in the field and their population is not increasing dramatically, there is no need to do anything. Conversely, there is a point at which you MUST do something. For the farmer, that point is the one at which the cost of damage by the pest is MORE than the cost of control. This is an economic threshold. Tolerance of pests varies also by whether or not they are a health hazard (low tolerance) or merely a cosmetic damage (high tolerance in a non-commercial situation). Personal tolerances also vary many people dislike any insect; some people cannot tolerate dandelions in their yards. Different sites may also have varying requirements based on specific areas. White clover may be perfectly acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a golf course, but unacceptable in th e fairway where it could cause confusion in the field of play.[4] 5. Choose an appropriate combination of management tactics For any pest situation, there will be several options to consider. Options include, mechanical or physical control, cultural controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Mechanical or physical controls include picking pests off plants, or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as birds from grapes or rodents from structures. Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing or storing waste properly, removing diseased areas of plants properly. Biological controls can be support either through conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators[5]. Augmentative control includes the introduction of naturally occurring predators at either an inundative or inoculative level[6]. An inundative release would be one that seeks to inundate a site with a pests predator to impact the pest population[7][8]. An inoculative release would be a smaller number of pest predators to supplement the natural population and provide ongoing control.[9] Chemical controls would include horticultural oils or the application of pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides. A Green Pest Management IPM program would use pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials. 6. Evaluate results How did it work? Evaluation is often one of the most important steps.[10] This is the process to review an IPM program and the results it generated. Asking the following questions is useful: Did your actions have the desired effect? Was the pest prevented or managed to your satisfaction? Was the method itself satisfactory? Were there any unintended side effects? What will you do in the future for this pest situation? Understanding the effectiveness of the IPM program allows the site manager to make modifications to the IPM plan prior to pests reaching the action threshold and requiring action again. Notes 1. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides and Food: What Integrated Pest Management Means. 2. ^ http://www.umass.edu/umext/ipm/publications/guidelines/index.html. 3. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 10, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. 4. ^ Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course, Introduction, 2006 5. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/ 6. ^ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/ecbtrich.htm 7. ^ http://pinellas.ifas.ufl.edu/green_pros/ipm_basics.shtml 8. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inundative_release.htm 9. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inoculative_release_.htm 10. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 12, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. References * Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Steve H. Dreistadt, Mary Louise Flint, et al., ANR Publications, University of California, Oakland, California, 1994. 328pp, paper, photos, reference tables, diagrams. * Bennett, Gary W., Ph.d., Owens, John M., Ph.d., Corrigan, Robert M, Ph.d. Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th Edition, pages 10, 11, 12, Purdue University, Questex, 2005. * Jahn, GC, PG Cox., E Rubia-Sanchez, and M Cohen 2001. The quest for connections: developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management. pp. 413-430, In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] â€Å"Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation.† Proceeding the International Rice Research Conference, 31 March 3 April 2000, Los Baà ±os, Philippines. Los Baà ±os (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 692 p. * Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001. Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. In P. Cox and R Chhay [eds.] â€Å"The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia† Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 24-26 Oct. 2000, Phnom Penh (Cambodia): CARDI. * Jahn, GC, JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion. 2007. Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts. In Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management (eds. O. Koul and G.W. Cuperus). CAB International Pp. 315-366. * Kogan, M 1998. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT:Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments, Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 43: 243-270 (Volume publication date January 1998) (doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243) * Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commentà © et illustrà © des insectes du Cameroun dintà ©rà ªt agricole: (apparitions, rà ©partition, importance) / University of Belgrade/Institut pour la protection des plantes * US Environmental Protection Ag