HR and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

HR and Leadership - Essay Example The paper tells that leadership can be defined as the way process is influenced by an organization by leaders who have visions and is determined to achieve the organizations set objectives at any cost. Management makes the programmed decision affecting organization day to day activities and is concerned with administrative duties rather than decision making. For HR to be leading the department should employ effective strategy and solution to resourcing and ensuring there are talent planning and development, service delivery is at its best with well-coordinated systems of communication which involves employee engagement and relations. Thus leading HR should be determined in performance and must reward employees for good work done. Above all the human resource management should be of credible personality, driven to deliver, decisive thinkers, role model and should have the courage to challenge actions in the organization. An organization is important to ensure delivery of services and attainment of objectives if structural changes are effectively managed. The organizational structure of any firms matters a lot as if it’s well organized it will be easy to effect changes because of the values, believes and attitudes set by an organization so there is well spelled out a procedure on how everything is coordinated in the organization including, communication systems and responds to the environment. Strategic human resource management relies mostly on the resource-based view of the firm which suggests human resource practices leads to high performance and sustained in the competitive environment. Top management should ensure high technology is employed in firms to enable HR practices to build up mentoring, give incentives to performing workers and also enable performance appraisal which encourages the development of working relationship.

Sources Of Stress Among Teachers Psychology Essay

Sources Of Stress Among Teachers Psychology Essay Stress is a psycho-physiological process which arises out from the intercommunication of the individual with the environment (Muhammad et al, 2010) and (luthans, 1998) which ends up in disturbances and manifestations depending on the individual characteristics such as health status or psychological process such as attitude (Muhammad et al, 2010).As reported by Ingrid (1997) adapted from Hans Selye (1982), few people would be able to give the definition of stress or even attempt to give a clear cut definition due to the huge number of causes which can contribute to stress. Stress can be defined as a charismatic situation in which a person is affront with an event, constraint or appeal related to what he desires and for which the result is perceived to be both ambiguous and vital (De Cenzo, 1998) whereas Hans selye simply said that stress is the expansive response of the body to any appeal made upon it. It is to be noted that stress can be classified into eutress and distress whereby e ustress is a positive psychological response to a stressor and distress is the negative response (Geraldine, 2011). An example of eustress is an opportunity or a challenge which will lead to a promotion and for distress if any tension, worry or frustration. This study will be focusing mainly on distress. Stress is experienced by nearly all people in their life; however occupational stress is more present in the daily life of worker. As stated by Smith (2000) occupational stress is widespread and can be a major cause of ill health. 2.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRESS Jobs have always been a little stressful however over the last few years the workplace has become increasingly stressful. As per the report of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 75% of workers believe that todays workers experience more work stress than the prior generation. In 1992, the United Nations in its report even qualified job stress as the 20th century disease (Bob, Rollin, and Bruce, 1997). The World Health Organization (WHO) has characterise job-related stress in countries that are developing as a modern hazard in a traditional working environment and it is not to be forgotten that Mauritius as well is a developing country. Due to the important metamorphosis in company organization, change in nature of work, and technological advances, stress affect employees of all hierarchical level. Work-related stress can be said to be experienced when the appeals from the work environment exceed the employees ability to cope with (or control) them. It is not a disease, but it can lead to problem of ill health in areas like mental and physical health. Occupational stress is a sign of a problem within the organization, not individual weakness (European Agency 2000a, 2002a). It is to be noted that in this study, the term work related stress and the term occupational stress has been used interchangeably however they are distinguished from each other(Health and safety executive,2006) work related stress includes cases where work may have aggravated the stress experienced hence work may be a contributory factor but not necessarily the sole cause whereby the term occupational stress refers to cases where work is the sole cause of the stress experienced and associated symptoms of ill health. The Health and safety executive defined work related stress as the unfavorable reaction people have to increasing pressures or any types of request on them at work. Those reactions, people have to cope with a great number of demands, trying to cope with their duties and responsibilities concerned about their job and they have difficulty in doing so. On an individual level, it is often the fact of not being able to cope with the work load and environment with an associated negative manifestation. In comparison with other professions, teaching is considered as a high stress occupation. (Lambros, 2006) and (Mc and Von, 2005). 2.3 MODELS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS A stress model helps to better understand the various stages, and therefore can help people to better cope with the stress. The main model of stress is discussed below: 2.3.1 HANS SELYE MODEL OF STRESS Selye (1977) developed the general adaptation syndrome model .The general adaptation syndrome can be defined as the sum of whole expansive, systemic reactions, of the body which arise due to continuous and prolonged exposure to stress. When a person emits symptoms of not being in good health, it may surely be due to the fact that he is stressed. He identified that stress gather up in the body and if the relevant stressor is not removed, the person body will go through predictable phases as shown in Figure 1. Hans selye talked of three phases: ALARM STAGE This is the stage whereby the body recognize that there is a danger and prepare to deal or not to deal with the threat which is also known as the stressor, this situation is often called the fight or flight response. The stress hormone, adrenaline, is secreted and give the person the energy to fight or flight the stressor. RESISTANCE STAGE In this stage the body tries to return to a situation of psychological tranquility by resisting the alarm due to the fact that the threat still exists. The body remains activated however on a lesser extent than in the alarm stage but sufficient to cause an increase in the metabolic rate and consequently it may enter the third and final stage EXHAUSTION STAGE Exhaustion takes place when one or more target organs shows sign on dysfunction, this happens when the body can no longer meet up with the demand places upon it and start to dysfunction. This is the state whereby a disease is diagnosed which shows that a disease is the consequence of the related stressor. This can result in having serious consequences even death of the organ or the organism as a whole. http://210.9.134.6/zinecmt/templ/aipc/ezineimages/stress.gif Diagram 1: graphical evolution of the three stages of general adaptation syndrome. (Source: Carlson et al,(eds) (2007). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour (6th Ed). Boston, USA: Allyn and Bacon-Pearson) The above theory has been a basis for later research work to be carried out, however there are some issues with it, as it has been carried out on rats, and to extend it to humans may not be that clever, considering the emotional content of the stress perceived which may alter the way a human will react to the stress. Also as the name of the theory state, selye claimed it to be general irrespective of any nature of stress, however different type of stressors may act differently and hence different responses may be observed. 2.3.2 THE PERSON- ENVIRONMENT FIT MODEL The person-environment fit model is one of the well known among others, whereby it lays emphasis on the interaction between the peculiarity of the individual and that of the situation. One important aspect of this interaction is that occupational stress is the extent to which the individual will fit to his working environment, in other words, according to the person-environment fit model , the extent to which the person will face occupational stress depend on how much can he fit the workplace and the demands of the work thereof. Other factors can be motivation, ability and productivity. Â  If the person-environment fit turn out to be wrong, it can cause serious problems in any work environment. Occupational Stress and lack of productivity are natural conflicts related to the fact of a failure between a person fit into their workplace environment. This model can be highly related to occupational stress as it is important for the person to feel his importance in the work place and to fit the working environment so that later on, the problem of occupational stress dont arise, this was confirmed by Edwards and Ship (2007) whereby the study he did confirmed that the misfit between the person and the environment can lead to people having stress. As well as not being able to meet up the demands, the person-environment fit can also failed due to different motives of the individual and the work respectively which will surely lead to occupational stress. Person-environment fit theory argues that stress effects may arise when threatening job demands lead to disequilibrium in the interaction between an individual and the work environment. Although influential, the model is considered to have some drawbacks .There remains confusion over the notion of fit and its measurement (Edwards Cooper, 1990) and also difficulty to conceptualise the notion of fit (Julian and john, 2010) 2.3.3 THE KARASEK DEMANDS- CONTROL MODEL The demand-control model was developed by Karasek in 1979 and it focuses on the job demands and control at a work place situation whereby the employee is faced with a heavy work load/demand and at the same time , is given little control over the work. Hence any job which has a very high demand and very little or simply no control is given to the employee will end up in the employee facing stress, as confirmed by Doi.Y (2005), this is also known as the strain hypothesis. Demands can be in terms of various work activities, such as a close deadline to submit a particular work, too much responsibilities to handle, conflicting roles at work, not having the right to share views in decision making among others and control can also be in terms of the decision making of the employee and the way how he want to carry his job, this model divide the employees in four categories. The first category is the one who have high control over the high demands are known as active employees, second category, those who have high control but low demand, as low strain category of employees. Third category, those with low demands and low control are known as the passive category and finally the one with low control and high demands, as the high strain category (D Overgaard et al, 2004). The most common criticism is that the demand -Control model is too simple. Peter, Arnold B., Ad de (2001) and Johnson (1989) has argued that job control is not the only resource available to coping with job demands and proposed that social support from colleagues or superiors may also function as a mediator of the relationship between job demands and Stress reactions which agrees with the study done by Cristina et al (2012) who said that this model does not apply equally to all individuals and various factors, such as personality can act as a moderator or a buffer. 2.4 TEACHERS STRESS In the field of education, it is not easy to define teachers stress; however Kyriacou (2001) defined the latter as the involvement by a teacher of abhorrent, negative emotions, such as anger, Anxiety, tension, frustration or depression, resulting from some aspect of their work as a teacher. Since the late 1970s, many research work has been done to analyse teacher stress. The wealth of research published over the last years shown that there is a big problem concerning teachers and they do face stress. Compared to other professions, teaching is considered to be high stress occupations (Mc Shane and von Glinow, 2005), which therefore results to higher stress level among teachers consequently leading to poor performance, staff health problems and higher job dissatisfaction (Williams and Gersh, 2004).Occupational stress did had a negative effect on the job performance of the teachers in a secondary school which in turn may result in poor teaching to the students (Mohammad Aklaq et al, 201 0). A survey carried out by Karl Peltzer et all (2008) proved that teachers do have a high level of stress as well as job stress were associated with most stress- relating illnesses such as hypertension, mental distress, tobacco and alcohol abuse which agrees with the study of Wang pei and Zhang Guoli (2008) who deducted from their study that the negative effect of occupational stress on teachers health are significant. Teachers stress can have various consequences therefore it is important to manage it and one way of managing it , is by knowing the sources which stress the teachers most and deal with it directly. 2.5 MANIFESTATIONS OF STRESS AMONG TEACHERS Sign and symptoms of stress among teachers can be seen as manifestations when they face a threshold of stress that they cannot control or deal with. It can differ individually as some may be more prone to certain symptoms than others. Sign and symptoms of stress or those manifestations need to be identified as soon as possible so that it doesnt end up in serious consequences or even fatalities. These can be categorized into three main areas: first of all, the mental symptoms, for example depression and anxiety, secondly, the physical symptoms such as indigestion, palpitations and stomach cramps, and finally the behavioural symptoms which may be in terms of alcohol abuse, using prescription drugs etc. Despite being exposed to same level of stress, secondary school teachers may react differently and have different symptoms to that stressor, some teachers may exhibit depression whereas others may have back ache (leung et al, 2009).Mental symptoms/emotional symptoms tend to be most prese nt and among the first reaction to stress from the teachers. A study carried out in the George region in south Africa showed that teachers stress manifest itself mainly on a mental or emotional level as well as but to a much lesser extent in terms of physical level (M.A.J Olivier, D.J.L and Venter, 2003).In the study carried out by Kyriacou.C and J. Sutcliffe (2011) they found that, the most frequent symptoms of stress reported were tiredness and feeling frustrated 2.6 SOURCES OF STRESS AMONG TEACHERS The sources or causes of stress are also known as stressors. Stressors vary in severity and duration, some situations maybe stressful for everyone but in other situations, individuals may react differently. What is a stressor for a particular individual may not be a stressor for the other one. For some teachers, not being able to cope with the classroom indiscipline maybe a source of stress whereas for others, this may be easily tacked with and not a source of stress hence despite every one of them are teachers; sources of stress may vary from people to people, from organization to organization as well as from situation to situation. Factors such as the mental state of the individual, degree of stress coping, experience of teaching and other demographic variables may play a vital role in deciding if a specific problem can be a cause of stress or not. The research conducted by Brown Ralph (1992) concluded the following most Prevailing work-related factors leading to stress among teac hers, which gave us a better Idea and knowledge on teachers stress: Students-An absence of discipline or disruptive students, students motivation and their respective attitude towards the class and their teachers, the size of the class and their ability to cope and preparing the students for examination purposes. Stressors such as disruptive students may endanger the mental health of the teachers as confirmed by (Nurrul Izzah Abdul Samad et al , 2010) and the national union of teachers in UK(2009) Changes- A lack of information and the necessary resources to smoothen or make changes easier as well as more changes than the demand by the teachers which end up in stress among the teachers. This agrees with the study of kyriacou.(2001) whereby change itself is implicated in teachers stress and could be a problem thereof The management of the school -There is poor cooperation in terms of decision making process and no required training is given to meet the job new demands which keep increasing day by day, an example can be new and latest technological demands, the latter may as well be a potential source of stress for teachers (Olivier and Venter, 2003). Interpersonal relationships- poor social interactions among colleagues and lack of team spirit which may result in interpersonal conflicts. Reviews studies have identified interpersonal conflicts as a major source of teachers stress.( lambros lazuras , 2006) Parents and the community-parents pressure on the teachers to make their children achieve good results and accommodate unrealistic expectations. A study done by G.M steyn and G.D.Kamper (2006) shown that Parents pressure do cause educators to experience stress and the community poses a serious hindrance to learning. Another modern problem nowadays is a particular type of role ambiguity as often the teachers have to nurture, counsel or be mother and father of certain students due to family shift work factors or simply divorce factors.(Nhundu,T,J, 1999) which was confirmed by Joachim Stoeber and Dirk Rennert( 2008). In short, the most common sources of stress for teachers mentioned above are poorly motivated pupils, ill discipline, organizational culture, poor working conditions and poor collegiality. Jarvis (2002) in his critical review of more recent findings on teacher stress focus on three ample causative factors for this: (1) Factors intrinsic to teaching, (e.g., working condition, work under load/overload, repetition and boredom) (2) Cognitive factors which affect the teachers (e.g., time pressures, role conflict and role ambiguity), and (3) Systemic factors operating at the institutional and managerial level (e.g., appraisal system, Non-managerial support, reward system) Holmes (2005) stated that several scholars researching on teachers stress and stress management have categorized some situations that caused stress as follows: (1) Stress resulting from anticipation: fear of whats to come, worry and anxiety. (2) Stress as a response to a current situation: its happening now, and you have to react. (3) Stress from the past: it happened a while ago, but is still lingering in your mind and seemingly impossible to let go. (4) Chronic stress: its an on-going situation, or reaction to a specific event, the impact of which is lingering. Career development can also be a major source of stress (G.M steyn and G.D. kamper, 2006),which agrees with the study done by Ahlam b el shikieri and Hassan A. musa (2012)These can be classified into three main categories namely, job security, performance appraisal and professional training whereby the threat of losing one job is a potential source of stress (M.A.J Olivier and Venter, 2003).Any possibility of demotion may also lead to stress( Rout and Rout,2002).the performance appraisal system can also be a major source of stress for the individual especially if the outcome may influence any promotion or the latter salary.( Rout and Rout, 2002).Required training programme is needed to meet new demands and challenges of the education sector. 2.7 FIMIAN TEACHER STRESS INVENTORY In the present study, we have followed the Fimians teachers stress inventory with minor adaptations to suit the local context in Mauritius. This model explains the teacher stress in a ten factor theory, whereby five consist of sources of occupational stress and the other five about manifestations of stress. According to fimian, when those stressors are present, teachers do have stress and it becomes evident in terms of psychological, behavioural and other type of symptoms. It should thus be possible to identify one array of events that acts as sources of stress and other array of stress that acts as manifestations of stress. Teachers stress is related more to environmental events and the perception of these events, than it is to personal or professional variables such as teacher age, gender, age, education level and number of years of teaching. The factors described in the inventory are time management, work related stressors, professional distress, discipline and motivation, profess ional investment, emotional manifestations, fatigue manifestations, cardiovascular manifestations, gastronomical manifestations and behavioural manifestations. A study carried out by M.A.J Olivier(2003) using the fimian teachers stress inventory concluded that teachers stress manifest itself mainly on an emotional level as well as on a physical level and the most significant source of stress among them was professional investment however the results cannot be generalized as the limited scope of the investigation. In 2009, the study carried out by Victoria sanderlin hand in New Orleans, among novice secondary school teachers, using the fimian teacher stress inventory found that time management, along with discipline and motivation, were the two highest sources of stress for novice teachers moreover Fatigue manifestation and emotional manifestation were the most apparent manifestations of stress, novice secondary teachers may not have those experience to tackle with stress and it may have been different sources or manifestations if they were not novice. Another study carried out by Rubina hanif, Sadaf tariq and Masood nadeem (2011) using the same inventory concluded that teachers shows highest level of stress at work related stressors and fatigue manifestations was the most common one, however this study was carried out in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, and the teachers of Islamabad may not be facing same problem as small town or cities teachers are facing, hence the sample is not well represented. 2.8 SUMMARY OF LITTERATURE REVIEW

Television and Media Essay - TV Violence and Children :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

TV Violence and Children      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children from the ages 6-11 spend more time watching television than they do in the classroom.   The level of violence that they see on prime time television is about five violent acts per hour and the level of violence on Saturday that includes cartoons morning programming is about 20 to 25 violent acts per hour.   At this rate, the average American child will see 8,000 murders before they finish elementary school!      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a child sits in front of baby-sitting television, her eyes are glued to the viewing of shoot em' up rip em' up kind of entertainment.   We have to remember that the entertainment media plays an extremely powerful role in the formation of values and morals, to all youngsters' minds of all ages, all socioeconomic levels, and all levels of intelligence.   These programs "play" with kids' minds; these programs have a tremendous negative effect on our children.   We, as a society, must save our future and take an active role in protecting our children from the violence on our television.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television cartoons often feature dehumanized characters, such as Transformers and the Ninja Turtles, who engage in the destructive acts of violence by fighting our real life social problems. With acts of violence, kids learn to think that's how they should solve their problems.   MTV's Beavis and Butt-head   encourages fire, smoking, foul language, drinking and stealing.   With these bad attitudes seen depicted as normal on TV   shows kids are lead to believe it is cool be have that type attitude   Is this what we really want our society, especially our younger generation, to believe?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we truly thought that television had no impact on viewers, why would companies spend billion of dollars on television advertising?   If commercials have an effect, then so do the shows that the children watch.   For example, youngsters mimic many of the violent acts that they see such as Beasvis and But- head.   One day, a five year old boy watch his favorite cartoon, Beavis and Butt- head, and sees the characters pull one of their famous arson stunts.   And the result, he sets his own house ablaze and his younger sister is killed.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children do learn from television especially when they lack direct exposure or first hand experience with violent grotesque acts. These do take a toll on children and the way they will view life as they grow up.   I know some who that are sweet, innocent, full of dreams, hopes, laughter, and life.   These kids have learned about there environment from their parents, not by watching television.

Drug and Alcohol Culture

Language Analysis – Alcohol and drug culture in Australia Following the death of Leigh Clark after the circumstances which occurred after he was supplied alcohol by another parent, writer Bruce Guthrie argues in an opinion piece that the law requiring parental approval to supply alcohol could save lives. The second article which supports Guthrie’s contention is a cartoon by Mark Knight, published in the Herald Sun which highlights the public outcry against the call to legalise drugs, where both articles are in favour of changing the law to alter the alcohol and drug culture in Australia.Guthrie employs an anecdote to begin the article which evokes compassion in the reader who responds emotionally to the plight of Bruce Clark who lost his son to an alcohol related event after a party where he was supplied drinks without his parent’s permission. The phrase ‘fatal binge drinking episode’ effectively positions the reader to respond negatively to the even t as the terms have negative associations and are intended to evoke a strong emotional response in the reader.Guthrie personalises the issue for the reader when he places the matter into his own experience, ‘as a parent of two teenagers, one of drinking age’ which persuades the reader as it suggests that the contention comes from a personal involvement in the issue, rather than merely from readings. The successful rebuttal of the shadow minister for consumer protection further persuades the reader, â€Å"Nothing could be simpler†, as it is stated in an assertive fashion and appears conclusive.The image which accompanies the article effectively supports the contention by providing visuals that reinforce the notion of irresponsibility, which Guthrie has concluded in the article. The idea is shown graphically in the image through the positioning of the parents lying drunk underneath a table and their child who uses a parent for leverage to reach a bottle of alcohol on the table. The focus of the image is on the bottle, and the child is shown straining to get alcohol, which evokes concern in the reader.The confronting nature of the image is intended to raise alarm and effectively supports the point of view that Guthrie supplies in the article. The alarmist tone of the image predisposes the reader to accept Guthrie’s contention, as the reader’s attention is likely to be drawn to the image before they read Guthrie’s article. On the other hand, Knight’s cartoon expresses concern about the drug culture that is the subject of much media debate. The caption which accompanies the cartoon, ‘The public outcry against the call to legalise drugs’ effectively conveys Knight’s contention that legislation should be introduced to legalise drugs.The term ‘outcry’ is effective as it suggests that the opposing point of view is based on emotion and hysteria. Knight employs the stereotype of the bikie ga ng to raise alarm in the reader who is likely to recall from the exaggerated figures in the foreground. The figures are intentionally confronting and the caption ‘Outlaw Motorcycle Gang’ on the back of the jacket of one figure encourages the reader to draw associations between the figures and the violence which has recently been widely reported in the media.The figure holding the placard is distanced to suggest that his voice is marginalised. The reader is lead to infer that those who are in favour of legalising drugs are shouted down by the violent majority like the unattractive figures in the foreground of the cartoon. The fact that these figures are shady and obviously involved in illegal activities is intended to position the reader to side with the cartoonist and therefore those who support legalisation.The caption ‘A lot of people would be harmed by the look of things’ is sarcastic and is intended to lead the reader to the point of view through reveal ing that these shady characters would be the ultimate victims of legislation. The reader is likely to feel vindicated by the idea that such unseemly characters will be removed as a threat to common decency is drugs were legalised. Both articles effectively persuade the reader that there is some urgency in the issue of our increasing tendency to embrace a drug and alcohol culture.Concluding with an assertion ‘maybe it will for someone else’, Guthrie leaves the reader feeling that there is a solution to the issue which needs to be embraced. Knight’s cartoon uses visual language to effectively raise alarm in the reader, leaving them feeling that, given the unsavoury nature of the characters who benefit from the drug trade, not enough is being done to convince the public of the urgent need to immediately legalise drugs, which he has so effectively positioned his readers to believe.

English Narrative Essay

All is quiet on the African Sahara. The sun, winds, and animals have all said goodnight; but the crickets lay awake, chanting me on. I slowly control each nerve in my body to inch it forward to the thirsty gazelle. As soon as she points her nose down, the refreshing sensation of water after hours in the heat blessing her throat and Whoosh! I fling my body towards her. My jaw opens to greet her flesh. It is the first meal of the night; and many more await me. Being a cheetah is the animal I would most want to be.Cheetahs have stunning adaptations the world we live in, an interesting and challenging environment to live in, and consume many different animals as food. Firstly, the cheetah has been a successful predator for centuries. Being the fastest land animal in the world has some advantages. The cheetah’s unique build let’s it reach speeds of up one hundred kilometers per hour in three seconds. It’s unmistakable long streamline body and small head allows for les s air resistance. Powerful legs push the cheetah to breathe taking speeds in the blink of an eye. The cheetah achieves extra traction from its non-retracting claws.Its long tail is a key part of its structure because it helps it to maintain balance and change direction at extremely high speeds. The black tears that stream down the cheetahs face absorb blinding light from the bright African days. These incredible feat of evolution, allow the cheetah to adapt to its surrounding and survive as a superior mammal. Secondly, the habitat in which cheetahs live is very desirable. Most cheetahs today are found in eastern and southern Africa. They can also be found in certain places in the Middle East, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan.Cheetahs prefer to live in open habitats like semi desert, prairies and thick brush. Depending on where the cheetahs are, their habitats can range from savannahs to dense vegetation to mountainous terrain. Due to the cheetahs short sprint time they need thick brush to be able to stalk their prey. This reduces their overall running time. Unfortunately cheetahs are being deprived of the open lands that they need to survive. They are being taken over by farms or have been fenced off making them inaccessible or too dangerous for cheetahs to hunt and peacefully live on.Finally, the cheetah’s position on the food chain allows it to have very few predators, and feed on a healthy variety of prey. Because of their high speed of running, they are able to chase their prey down very easily. They are provided coverage by the African grasslands and savanna while stalking their prey. They then sprints toward the prey and knock it down to the ground, using their teeth to directly bite the animals’ necks. However, they are almost the most vulnerable species as cubs. They need to avoid predators like lions, eagles, and hyenas.But preys always have some solutions to all dangers in the nature. Cheetah mothers usually hide their cubs during th e first few weeks of their lives. To conclude, the cheetah is a superior mammal. With its stealth innate behavior and incredible designs on its fur the cheetah is an enhanced predator. Its natural habitat can vary, so the cheetah is a highly adapted animal. A spotted, slender, sleep, graceful, and swift predator; an animal that hunts for its food on the run. The cheetah is truly the prince of the jungle.

Interest Rate Essay

Interest Rate Essay Interest Rate Essay Financial Planning 4.2 The amount of capital I will need to start up JB Fitness is  £9000. I will need to take out a bank loan of  £5000 and  £1000 from my sleeping partners. I will also be contributing capital be putting in  £3000 of owners capital. This is the way I will obtain the money, especially as in the first year of running, there are many expenses such as payment for gym equipment, computers, desks etc from looking at my cash flow forecast. By having some capital invested into the business it will help paying the cash outflows, which shall reduce the amount of dept significantly in year one as the cash outflow and much more higher than the inflows. This is way the capital from the bank loan, owner’s investment and sleeping partners will help balance the cost and reduce the net cash flow. I will obtain the  £5000 in a form of a short term loan from HSBC, which is payable over the first year of running JB Fitness so they can clear their depts and focus on increasing profit margins. 4.3 The cash flow forecast from year one to year three shows that the closing bank balance in December was increasing significantly. In year one, the closing bank balance for year one was  £21,826, year two was  £54,303 and in year three was  £66,744. This shows that from year one to year three the closing bank balance for December had increased by  £44,918, which shows that year upon year my closing balance was increasing that mean that I had high amount of capital to take over to the new year. In year one the reason as to why my net cash flow was -13,985 was because of high expenses made in January as the outflows made were very costly. For example, paying for gym equipment, computers, chairs, desks etc. as my net cash flow in January for year one was showed minus figures meant than my cash outflows were higher than my cash inflows, however this was expected due high start-up costs. In year two my cash outflows were reduced considerately to a low amount, as there were no start up costs and minimum expenses such as payment for stock, wages, rent, gas and electricity, website etc. This meant that for each month in year two there was a higher net cash monthly flow in comparison to year because of lower cash outflows. For example, in year one for December the net cash monthly was  £538 and in year two for December it was  £1,343, which had increased by  £807 in year two. In year three, the closing balance for December was  £66,744, which shows the capital remaining i n the bank was outstandingly good because the closing balance from year two to year three had increased by  £12,441 for December. This shows that the overall cash flow position was improving from year one to three as the net cash monthly flow was increasing rapidly, which indicates that the cash inflows were greater than the cash outflows which shows great importance. 4.4 From analysing the profit and loss accounts from year one to year three, I can confirm that the profit from year one to year three are increasing which suggested that JB Fitness have made a significant amount of profit to survive. In year, there was a lower amount of profit being made in comparison to year two and three. The net profit made in year one was  £12,848 whereas in year two the net profit made was  £54,325. The reason as to why there was a smaller amount of net profit being made in year one was because of the long list of costly expenses such as gym equipment, Jacuzzi, showers etc. In year two the net profit made is almost five times as much net profit made in year one, which shows that JB Fitness profit was increasing. In year one, the sales revenue made was  £156,220 and in year two, the sales revenue made was  £171,988. Form year one to year two the sales revenue increased by  £15,768. In year three the net profit made was  £66,766, which shows that the net profit was increasing year upon year as it increased by  £12,441 from year two to year three. In addition, the sales revenue in year three was

Summary of the book Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times

Summary of the book Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times The rapid changes in technology have affected the way businesses and organizations operate. Fields such as nanotechnology, computing, communication, biotechnology and genetic engineering are the most affected. There is a lot of competition due to advances in technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the book â€Å"Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, managers have been compelled to adjust accordingly in order to cope with the prevailing challenges. In some cases, other businesses are forced to redesign the operations and business processes of their organizations. According to Glassman, Zell and Duron (2005), this gives them a competitive position to respond to the changes in environments that surround the organizations. For this reason, there is dire need for managers to change the way knowledge and information is managed as well as to reinvent str ategically in order to ensure a competitive edge in the long run. The technology that existed some years back is now obsolete and no longer functional. This implies that the advances that are being made in technology will continue to affect the operations of businesses even in the future. For businesses to remain competitive, there are factors that need to be considered especially in the top management levels. These are innovation, competition in the market and the regulation of laws that govern such organizations. All these moves will go a long way in ensuring that businesses and the entire world are politically, socially and economically stable. In view of changing technologies in the market, it is obvious that there are winners and losers. The difference is brought about by the way businesses respond to changes in technology. For instance, most organizations lack contingency plans to cater for such emergencies. When changes in technology are likely to shake the foundation of a bu siness, it is advisable to allocate some funds that can cater for the changes. It is vital to noted that technology is not a cheap aspect to cater for since it has always been an expensive undertaking. The research and design department should work tirelessly in the organizations to make sure that the management allocates enough funds for this purpose. When recruiting staff members, it is vital for managers to strike a balance between technology related expertise and employees who do not require training (Glassman, Zell Duron, 2005). Training in an organization should be emphasized so that the organization’s staff members become conversant with the technology that runs the business. As the organization progresses with time, rules and regulations should be changed regularly. Moreover, managers should be innovative and reuse materials through recycling so that the costs of transformation are reduced to the most minimal level.Advertising Looking for essay on business e conomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other organizations that are in quest to satisfy the needs of technological change have centralized the use of technology. According to Aulet (2009), this has encouraged sharing of expensive tools and equipment that are placed in central offices to ensure that less resources are bought in the organization. Use of networks has also assisted in making sure that the shared resources are well managed. The latter enables users to work from a remote location. For instance, the use of networks will help departments share resources such as printers and expensive servers. The network should be made as complex as possible for purpose of security. It should ensure that hackers and other criminals do not take advantage of vulnerabilities of the system. Human behavior affects the manner in which businesses perform. The management should therefore make sound decisions on human resource so that hum an errors are reduced to the lowest possible levels. Human error is a major reason for failure in businesses. Shapiro (2013) explains that conflict management is prudent. Misundertandings and conflicts are common among staff members of any organization. Resistance to change is also likely to occur among the employees. It is upon the managers to communicate change in the right way in order to reduce chances of conflicts related to resistance to change. Fair remuneration helps reduce cases of conflict between employees and the employer. Motivation should be encourages as well. This ensures that staff turnover is minimal and also reduces costs of recruitment and training of new members of staff. Staff experience is treated as an asset. Fair punishment should be done for all members of staff without bias or discrimination. Businesses have changed from the traditional ways of strategy formulation. Strategies no longer fall under mission statements and goals. Today’s technology has affected the way strategy formulation is addressed. It is only those businesses that make short term strategies that have competitive edge in the global economy. The external and internal entities and stake holders of businesses have changed their processes thereby forcing the businesses to change toward the same direction. Managers should ensure that any form of technology that is in place is as simple as possible. Less complicated technology is easy to manage and analyze. The analysis done goes long way in ensuring that forecasting is executed perfectly. During this process, all vulnerabilities and loopholes are closed and the business operates at low risks. There are several forces (both external and internal) that affect the operation of businesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the book â€Å"Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, a business en vironment is considered to be turbulent when several aspects of organizational change occur at the same time. Managers have different views on the effects of these forces. When the analysis and consultations are done in the right manner, business managers will be at vantage positions to control the set strategies and turbulent times in the business. References Aulet, K. W. (2009). Business Planning Principles and Applications. Retrieved from http://dig.csail.mit.edu/2010/LinkedData/Presentations/BusinessPlanning.pdf Glassman, M. A., Zell, D. Duron, S. (2005). Thinking strategically in turbulent times: an inside view of strategy making. London: M.E Sharpe. Shapiro, J. (2013). Strategic Planning. Web.

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business I often receive emails from genealogists who find that they love family history so much that theyd like to turn it into a career. But how? Can you really earn a living doing what you love? The answer is, sure! If you have strong genealogical research and organizational skills and a keen sense for business, you can earn money working in the family history field. As with any business venture, however, you will need to prepare.   Do You Have What it Takes? Perhaps youve researched your own family tree for a few years, taken a few classes, and maybe have even done some research for friends. But does this mean youre ready to earn money as a genealogist? That depends. The first step is to evaluate your qualifications and skills. How many years have you been seriously involved with genealogy research? How strong are your methodology skills? Are you familiar with properly citing sources, creating abstracts and extracts, and the genealogical proof standard? Do you belong to and participate in genealogical societies? Are you able to write a clear and concise research report? Evaluate your professional preparedness by taking stock of your strengths and weaknesses.   Bone Up On Your Skills Follow up your evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses with education in the form of classes, conferences and professional reading to fill in any holes in your knowledge or experience. Id suggest putting Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers and Librarians (edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001) at the top of your reading list! I also recommend joining the Association of Professional Genealogists and/or other professional organizations so that you can benefit from the experience and wisdom of other genealogy professionals. They also offer a two-day Professional Management Conference (PMC) each year in conjunction with the Federation of Genealogical Societies conference which covers topics specifically geared to genealogists working in their profession.   Consider Your Goal Making a living as a genealogist can mean a lot of different things to a lot of different people. Besides the standard genealogical research conducted for individuals, you can also specialize in finding missing people for the military or other organizations, working as a probate or heir searcher, offering on-site photography, writing articles or books for the popular press, conducting family history interviews, designing and running Web sites for genealogical societies and organizations, or writing or assembling family histories. Use your experience and interests to help choose a niche for your genealogical business. You can choose more than one, but it is also good not to spread yourself too thin.   Create a Business Plan Many genealogists consider their work a hobby and dont feel that it warrants anything as serious or formal as a business plan. Or that it is only important if youre applying for a grant or a loan. But if youre planning to make a living from your genealogy skills, you need to begin by taking them seriously. A good mission statement and business plan sums up the path we plan to follow, and helps us to succinctly explain our services to prospective clients. A good business plan includes the following: an executive summary overviewing the business name and location, your name and experience, and the mission statement.a list of products and services offered by your businessa description and analysis of the genealogy industry, including the local competition and its experience, services, pricing structure, and their length of time in business.a marketing strategy including anything which makes our service unique (such as location near a valuable genealogical repository or any unusual experience) and a description of the pricing for our services. More: Business Plan Basics   Set Realistic Fees One of the most common questions asked by genealogists just starting out in business for themselves is how much to charge. As you might expect, there is no clear cut answer. Basically, your hourly rate should take into account your level of experience; the profit you hope to realize from your business as it relates to the amount of time you can devote to your business each week; the local market and competition; and the start-up and operating expenses you plan to incur. Dont sell yourself short by undercutting what your time and experience is worth, but also dont charge more than the market will bear.   Stock Up on Supplies The nice thing about a genealogy-based business is you typically wont have a lot of overhead. You most likely already have many of the things you will need if you love genealogy enough to want to pursue it as a career. A computer and Internet access is helpful, along with subscriptions to major genealogy Web sites especially those that cover your primary areas of interest. A good car or other transportation to get you to the courthouse, FHC, library, and other repositories. A filing drawer or cabinet to house your client files. Office supplies for organization, correspondence, etc.   Market Your Business I could write an entire book (or at least a chapter) on marketing your genealogy business. Instead, Ill just point you to the chapter on Marketing Strategies by Elizabeth Kelley Kerstens, CG in Professional Genealogy. In it she covers all aspects of marketing, including researching the competition, creating business cards and flyers, putting up a Web site for your genealogy business, and other marketing strategies. I have two tips for you: 1) Check the membership roster of APG and local societies to find other genealogists who are working in your geographic location or area of expertise. 2) Contact libraries, archives and genealogical societies in your area and ask to be added to their list of genealogical researchers.   Next Certification, Client Reports, Other Skills Starting a Genealogy Business, page 1 Get Certified While it isnt necessary to work in the genealogy field, certification in genealogy provides validation of your research skills and helps assure a client that you are producing quality research and writing and that your credentials are backed by a professional body. In the U.S., two major groups offer professional testing and credentialing for genealogists - the Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG) and the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists (ICAPGen). Similar organizations exist in other countries.   Further Requirements There are a variety of other skills and requirements that go into operating a genealogy business that arent covered in this introductory article. As an independent contractor or sole proprietor, youll need to familiarize yourself with the financial and legal ramifications of operating your own business. You will also need to learn how to develop a contract, write a good client report and keep track of your time and expenses. Suggestions for further research and education on these and other topics include connecting with other professional genealogists, attending the APG PMC conference discussed previously, or enrolling in a ProGen Study Group, which employs an innovative method of collaborative learning focused on developing genealogical research skills and business practices. You dont need to do it all at once, but you will also want to be adequately prepared before you start out. Professionalism is critical in the field of genealogy and once youve damaged your professional credibil ity through shoddy work or disorganization, its hard to repair. Kimberly Powell, About.coms Genealogy expert since 2000, is a professional genealogist, past president of the Association of Professional Genealogists, and  author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy, 3rd Edition. Click here for more information on Kimberly Powell.

Critical event analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical event analysis - Essay Example Description of the Event What was the context surrounding the event? The incident I will write about took place during the first week of my placement at a local hospital and involved a patient known as Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith, who lived in an elder’s home nearby, had been rushed to the hospital when he started to experience breathing difficulties. Mr. Smith has in the past experienced a number of strokes that left him partially paralysed. He also has a lot of difficulty in swallowing and cannot speak clearly. At the care-giving home, Mr. Smith is dependent on his care-givers to perform personal duties such as bathing and eating. My mentor, a registered nurse who was given the responsibility of catering to Mr. Smith’s needs, asked me to accompany her to his ward. In the previous week, she had discussed various ways in which a nurse can feed an elderly patient with swallowing difficulties without harming him or her while ensuring that the patient consumes enough food. I was quite eager to start my placement duties and did not imagine that anything would faze me. I followed my mentor, who was carrying a large bowl of pureed carrots, down the quite corridor and into Mr. Smith’s room. There were many things that I had expected, but Mr. Smith’s visage was deeply alarming to me. What were the consequences of the actions taken for the patient and others involved? The patient started to cough loudly, with streams of what seemed to be phlegm issuing from his mouth and nose. At first, I was quite nauseated; and began to try and focus my attention on other things in the room. My mentor spoke sternly to Mr. Smith and informed him that he would eat the food brought to him even if he did not like it. There was not much struggle, but it was obvious that Mr. Smith was not happy about his meal. Reflection How were others feeling, what were the other perceptions involved? My mentor also appeared to be somewhat frustrated. She fed Mr. Smith calmly; but whe n he turned his face and made throaty noises, she put down the bowl and turned his face before feeding him. She did not speak, but I could sense her annoyance. My mentor was not saying anything to me during the episode of forced feeding- causing me to feel uncertain and somewhat flustered. Remaining calm even when operating under pressure is what contributes towards making good will decisions on how best to handle troubled or anxious patients (Chaloner 2007). I loudly observed to my mentor that Mr. Smith appeared to be coughing a lot possibly because of the forced feeding. Without looking up, my mentor mumbled that there was no other way to get food into Mr. Smith’s body and that coughing was a normal thing for him and should not worry me. Why did I and/ or others respond like they did? Critical reflection can help a student nurse to develop listening skills that will help him or her to become a better clinician (Dye 2006). My initial thoughts when my mentor began to feed Mr. Smith were of fear. I thought that I would be forced to watch him choke into unconsciousness; what with the way he was coughing. Also, I had not thought that I would be given responsibility for such an elderly patient. What values or beliefs were important and underpinned actions or ways of thinking by those involved in the event? I wanted to prove to my mentor that I could handle

Innovation Essay and Reflective Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Innovation and Reflective Report - Essay Example The management of creativity is highly problematic. As may be inferred from Trott (2005), among others, the concepts of management and creativity appears to be antithetical with the notion of managing creativity' emerging as something of a paradox. Expounding upon this, Burns and Stalker (1961) emphasise that creativity is fundamentally founded upon freedom while management is premised upon control with the implication being that the management of innovation/creativity is synonymous with the control of freedom. Even while conceding to the somewhat oxymoronic character of the stated, the fact remains that within the organisational setting creativity has to be directed and managed in order to avoid its descent into purposelessness. Management is fundamental to the direction, as opposed to control, of creativity. Generic definitions of creativity, as proposed by Drazin et al. (1999:287) maintain it "as the process of engagement in creative acts, regardless of whether the resultant outcomes are novel, useful, or creative." This definition, even though it is a valid and legitimate descriptor of creativity, is indicative of a form of creativity and innovation which organisations strive to avoid. Within the organisational context, and as may be inferred from several researchers, creativity must be novel, useful and innovative (Singer and Adkins, 1984; Amabile, 1996; Drazin et al., 1999; Kennedy, 2001). Accordingly, the management of creativity

Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing - Essay Example In this respect, they have recognised their responsibilities towards its internal and business environment. For example, existing business organisation are more focusing on enhancing stakeholders’ value. Moreover, they are also concentrating on the welfare of society, environment and community as they have understood that these activities are very important for their sustainability and for corporate governance (Aras and Crowther, 2009, p.36). In post-modern organisations, management are using these concepts and theories as an important tool for marketing, brand development and for entire strategic management. This paper will attempt to present discussions on environmental marketing which is emerging as a tool for better strategic management. In this respect, the entire discussion will focus on critical analysis, and at first a brief overview of environmental marketing will be presented followed by critical evaluation of its increasing importance. Then, multiple influencing fac tors in environmental marketing will be assessed followed by an analysis on multiple issues in environmental marketing. ... Brief Description of Environmental Marketing Environmental marketing is an emerging concept in strategic business management and it refers to the marketing activities revolving around the environmental consciousness. The increasing environmental awareness among the management and consumers is the major reason for its development. Environmental marketing is also referred as the green marketing. Polonsky and Wimsatt have explained that â€Å"environmental marketing is rooted in the essential tension between environmentalism and modern mass consumption† (Polonsky and Wimsatt, 1997, p.38). Environmentalism involves the entire environmental related issues like global warming, air pollution, water pollution, resource depletion etc. Increasing industrialization and business activities have a greater negative impact on environment and being a social entity, the business organisations have now realized their responsibility towards the safety of environment. There is a conceptual relati on relationship between the green marketing, industrial ecology and environment. Oyewole (2001), have developed a model that clarifies this conceptual relationship. The model is given below. Figure 1: Relationship between Industry and Environment (Source: Zaman, Miliutenko and Nagapetan, 2010) As per the above figure, social cost (including monetary and non-monetary) is major factor that relates the industry and environmental aspects. Considering the social cost, business organisations are now practising green marketing management. For example, they are implementing innovative technologies to develop eco-friendly products focusing on recycling and energy conversation. Increasing Importance of Environmental Marketing Since last decade, the importance and necessity of

Dialogues concerning Natural Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dialogues concerning Natural Religion - Essay Example Finally, I will provide a discussion on the various beliefs that Plantinga thinks are properly basic. These discussions will provide a vista to bring forth arguments on Plantinga and Clark’s arguments against classical foundationalism. The main aspect under discussion, which forms the thesis problem, is the Hume’s evidentialist objection to belief in God being a function of the truths within classical foundations and such truths may not be very valid and logical especially in the contemporary philosophy. Classical foundationalism is a theory and structure of knowledge that adheres to specific forms of internalism especially in reference to providing justifications to some basic beliefs. Classical foundationalism stems from the concept of modern foundationalism developed by Rene Descartes. Rene proposed the principle of modern foundationalism on the basis of sense (Descartes 80-81). The forms of internalism are not only limited to justification of basic beliefs but also the strong access to specific requirements such as infallibility, indubitability, and incorrigibility revolving around the basic beliefs. There have been increased debates on classical foundationalism within the world of philosophy. Most of the debates revolve around the aspects that make classical foundationalism a more convincing philosophical concept and aspects that discredit the philosophical concepts. Contemporary philosophers continued to argue for and against the propositions of the classical foundationalism a s a philosophical perspective. In such debates, various propositions have been identified to support the concepts and existence of classical foundationalism. Plantinga confirms that classical foundationalism exists in the proposition that, A belief is acceptable for a person if and only if it is either (i) basic (i.e. self-evident or incorrigible), or (ii) believed on the evidential basis of propositions that are acceptable and that support it

Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Abstract - Essay Example can be stimulated buy this events, this depends on the events that occur before, during and after the events, this is due to emerging issues like terrorism and other forms of crime. An increase to the number tourist does reflect a positive change in demand and supply if not both. The method used in this article is mainly theoretic as it takes into account of past events as their influence on the host countries and the countries at large. The authors have the conclusions that not all the expectations are reached after all the investing for those infrastructures to facilitate the major sport events. This is due to the fact that most of the funds spend may never be recovered as the post-event activities mostly do not turn out to be as expected (Solberg and Preuss). The important contributions of this paper is to show that the bidding cities should not be too optimistic to make high benefits in terms of returns either short term or long term. They focused on the economic gains of hosting major sport events though they can as well be criticized for assumption that most cities never earn the expected economic gains. This is because the facilities left can be used to host similar events were they can earn the lost revenues as there shall be no building on new structures. They could have included such situations in the paper as it is part of the post event period though not in such a shorter time as referred in the paper (Solberg and

Social policy Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social policy Case Study - Assignment Example They can seek help from programmes or organisations such as Childline, Sane, Supporting people, Refugee council, The Children's society, Housemate, NCH, De Paul Trust, Crisis, Scottish Churches Housing Action etc.that are specifically dealing with problems like those of Jake's. These social work organisations do help people as much as possible but after a point, they find difficult to move further as different policies prove to be a setback to their efforts of improvement. The current white paper that propagates the idea of 'valuing people' is the first of its kind since the last 30 years. So it is quiet evident that not much has been done for the improvement of this sector in the past. According to Department of Health the programs for improving services are based on the key principals; civil rights, independence, choice and inclusion. It stated, "Valuing people takes a life-long approach beginning with an integrated approach to services for disabled children and their families and then providing new opportunities for a full and purposeful adult life." (para.3) From this it appears that all are welcome for support and assistance but if we study the white paper in detail some other facts come into light. The National Austic Society has rightly pointed after observing the definition of 'Valuing people' that "the definition goes on to say that IQ below 70 is not in itself a sufficient reason for deciding whether an individual requires support. An assess ment of social functioning and communication skills should also be taken into account when determining need." (para.7) So the discussed white paper brings both; a ray of hope and a situation of dilemma to people like Jake. All this affects the social work professionals' attitudes too. The Independent Living Bill of disabled persons states that the disabled people are equal in freedom, choice, dignity and control to others and have the right to assistance and support. This automatically implies that Jake and his family can expect an independent and decent life for him. The current white paper also has set an objective to provide choices of housing to people like Jake so that they can live independently. According to Twigg, NHS and the Community Care Act 1990, "established the current arrangements for community care, introducing care management and according primary responsibility for community care-lead agency status-to social services." (1999, p.370). Sadly the housing policy is not aimed at those who need it badly. The housing policy that greatly follows the key legislation like the 1972 Housing Finance Act, 1977 Homeless Act, and 1996 Housing Act etc. is not completely a social policy. Of late it has taken a social character, which does not enable the social workers to fully utilize it for the betterment of the needy. Still the social policy is an indicator for the social workers to decide upon their plan of action. (Pahl, 1999, p.173) stated: 'social policy is now beginning to recognize the contribution which carers make to individualsThe National Health Service and

Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Abstract - Essay Example can be stimulated buy this events, this depends on the events that occur before, during and after the events, this is due to emerging issues like terrorism and other forms of crime. An increase to the number tourist does reflect a positive change in demand and supply if not both. The method used in this article is mainly theoretic as it takes into account of past events as their influence on the host countries and the countries at large. The authors have the conclusions that not all the expectations are reached after all the investing for those infrastructures to facilitate the major sport events. This is due to the fact that most of the funds spend may never be recovered as the post-event activities mostly do not turn out to be as expected (Solberg and Preuss). The important contributions of this paper is to show that the bidding cities should not be too optimistic to make high benefits in terms of returns either short term or long term. They focused on the economic gains of hosting major sport events though they can as well be criticized for assumption that most cities never earn the expected economic gains. This is because the facilities left can be used to host similar events were they can earn the lost revenues as there shall be no building on new structures. They could have included such situations in the paper as it is part of the post event period though not in such a shorter time as referred in the paper (Solberg and

Examine the problems that unions have to face when work arrangements Essay

Examine the problems that unions have to face when work arrangements become more market-based and individualised. Discuss also the advantages for employers that - Essay Example ble in that trade unions and socialist parties became part of the new Labour party which pushed working class politics to national levels, with the trade union represented in the community through the political voice of the Labour Party (Savage and Miles 1987). However, in recent decades there has been a move towards de-industrialisation, with workplaces being increasingly pressured by downsizing and outsourcing, global competition and resulting changes in management. As pointed by Turok (2000), Britain as a whole lost 32% of its manufacturing jobs between 1981 and 1996. Public sector organizations in particular demonstrate a strong union presence and have traditionally been known as employee champions. However in the modern day environment, as reduced resources and outsourcing have resulted from more market based arrangements, the responsibility for the welfare of employees has shifted from the HR department the trade unions depended upon, to line managers. (Whittaker and Marchington 2003). In a market based, individualized framework, the role of trade unions has been increasingly sidelined, as white collar workers proliferate in a digital environment. Globalization and the age of the Internet has produced a surplus of white collar workers as opposed to the blue collar workers who were well represented by unions. Unions have played a significant role in the past through the organization of strikes to compel employers to provide better benefits and working conditions. Machin and Stewart (1984) undertook a study of performance measures of workers vis a vis financial performances during plant closures in 1984. Their findings showed that in the case of companies reporting a below average financial performance, closure of the plant due to strikes was likely to have occurred. Therefore a direct correlation may be said to have existed between employee productivity and union activity. With de-industrialization, some firms have also moved towards the introduction of

Developing a Challenging Environment for Children

Developing a Challenging Environment for Children Noshaba Jadoon Q1: Explain how to organise a safe but challenging environment for children? The environment plays a major role in supporting children’s learning and development. While organizing a safe and challenging environment for children following factor should be consider: Health and safety; First and most important factor while setting environment to be considered is the health and safety of the environment, for health and safety the EY statutory frame work provides regulation. These regulations must be following while setting the environment. Curriculum and layout of the room; It includes role play area, a PC area, literacy and numeracy area, reading area, messy play area. Material objects; Material objects consist of all toys and resources that are used for children. Material objects that are used for children must be suitable for their age and stage of development. Toys and resources should be organized according to the height of the children to access and explore, by always providing a choice of toys, rather than force children to play with a particular toy of practitioner choice, especially for babies and younger children who are less mobile. The EY. Emphases children independence and encourages child-initiated play and active learning. Early years setting provides separate setting according to the age of the children i-e from birth to year three and three to five etc. Birth to three: Babies learn through their senses and they enjoy taking toys to their mouths, also they enjoy reaching out for toys and grasping them, therefore interesting toys or objects should be placed with in their access to explore. Practitioners should ensure that materials object and toys for this age group are appropriate. Furniture is secured to prevent it from falling onto the children as their movement and body control develop, they become very mobile. Three to five: Children’s imaginations and bodies control develop in this age group, and role-play areas can help children to take on different roles. For example, an area of the room can be transformed into a scenario for the children to play and explore, like post office ,fruits and vegetable shops, kitchen ,car park area etc. The outdoor environment provides equal opportunities for learning and development. Advantages of outdoor playing result into promotion of healthy lifestyles, as they get the chance to exercise, run around, climb on and off equipment, jumping, balance, learn about their body and exert energy, also develop socially, intellectually, physically, emotionally by making friends, sharing with them and taking care of them. Children begin to learn how to take care of other children. Therefore resources and toys that are used for children must be suitable for their age and stage of development. According to EY, Outdoor play opportunities also depend on children age: 0-12 months Outdoor environment provides fresh air, more exploring and practising physical skills. Due to limited mobility in this age group practitioner can take soft play mats and resources. 12-24 months As this age group children are more mobile so equipment such as slides, climbing frames and ride on toys will help children to develop their physical skills. Practitioner should encourage children to get responsibility of environment around them, for example plants and flowers. Children can take part in planting fruit and vegetable seeds and get responsibility to take of them. 24-36months Children should continue to be given responsibility about their environment, growing their own seeds of fruit and vegetables and taking care of them by watering plants and seeds. As physical skills and body control increase therefore toys that involve balance of the body should introduce to help them to refine their skills, like scoters or larger frames. Children should be encourage to investigate objects that how they are work. 36-60 months Children in this age group have good body control and refine skills, so opportunities for climbing, running, jumping and balancing of their body should be continue. As physical skills and body control increase there for toys that involve balance of the body should introduce to help them to refine their skills, like scoters or larger frames. Children should be encourage to investigate objects that how they are work. Social and emotional environment; The emotional environment extends to the feelings and emotions of the children. When children are able to express their feeling they are more confident to explore and investigate. Practitioners should give them chance to talk and express their feelings. Children belong to wider social network like ethnicity, religions and family history or back ground skins colour, practitioner should recognise the importance of the values and give them respect. It is responsibility of practitioner to help children to understand about different cultures and religions. Therefore social and emotional environment mean value and respect for everyone, regardless of their ethnicity, religion, skin colure, family back ground etc. Q2: Explain the practitioners’ role within the wider, multi-agency environment. If practitioner has any concern about any area of child’s development, or it is believed that child requires additional support then other professional can be involved as a source of advice for welfare of children and their families. Providing early help is more effective in promoting the welfare of children. Early help means providing support as soon as problems arise or identified, therefore key worker will help to identified children and their families who can get benefit from early help. Following professionals can be involved with in early years setting: 1: General practitioner, when child is ill 2: Health visitor. They support children and their families from birth to five. They provide health and lifestyle support to parents. 3: Paediatiatrician. They support children and their families from 24 weeks of pregnancy to18 years, especially when a child is diagnosed with disability or illness. 4: Social worker provides help, support and safe guarding of the children. 5: Dentist provide care for children teeth 6: Physiotherapist support children motor skills and mobility. They provide specialised care for children with disabilities etc. 7: Speech and language therapist provide information for effective communication. 8: Emergency services it include police officer, fire fighters ,paramedics may visit school time to time to help children understand about these services. The practitioner will play an important role within this team to support and following care plans set out by other professionals and attending regular meeting to discuss the progress of child. Q3: Describe the regulatory requirements that must be followed when organising an environment. Laws and legislation The health and safety at work Act 1974 provides guidelines that protect everyone within the workplace. However health and safety implementation is over all responsibility of employer. Practitioners are also responsible for ensuring health and safety with in the workplace is observed. For health and safety the EY statutory frame work provides regulation these regulation must be follow while organizing the environment. Staff ratios and qualifications; The EY Sets out the minimum requirement for staff ratios and qualifications. Failure to meet this requirement could cause an accidents or injuries because it is difficult for staff members to care for and supervise a large number of the group. Well trained and qualified staff that work well as a team is required for best possible care of the children. Size of the room; The EY also sets out minimum requirement for space depending on the age of children that is how many children can be present in any one room at one time and number of the staff to ensure the safety of the children. Children under two Children from birth to two years require 3.5 square meter per child. For every three children, there must be at least one member of staff. At least one practitioner must be qualified to a recognised level three childcare qualification and be experienced in working with babies and children under two. At least half of the remaining staff members must be qualified to at least a recognised, level two childcare qualification. At least half of the staff members must have training specifically for working with babies and young children below the age of two. Children under two to three Children of this age group require 2.3 square meter space per children One member of staff for 8 children One practitioner must be qualified to level three. Half of remaining staff members must be qualified to level two. Children aged three to five They required 2.3 square meter space per child One member of staff for 8 children One practitioner must be qualified to level three. Half of remaining staff members must be qualified to level two. Q4: Evaluate how effective the environment is in meeting children’s needs Playing is one of the effective ways of teaching. Children learn through play and exploring their environment. Effective environment plays vital role in meeting individual age group children needs. According to (EY Development Matters document) ‘children learn and develop well in enabling environment, in which their experiences respond to their individual needs and is a strong partnership between practitioner and parents and carers’. The early years foundation stage (EYFS) requires early year’s practitioner to review children progress and share a summary with parents or career. It also can be used as a guide about whether a child is showing typical development for their age or any delay or ahead for their age. According to statutory frame work for the early years foundation stage (EYFS) ‘children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates’. Practitioner must consider the individual needs, interest, and stage of development of each child. There are seven areas of learning and development: Communication and language: emphases to speak and listen in a range of situation and express themselves with confidence and skill. Children follow instructions. They can use past, present, future forms accurately when talking about events that have happened or going to be happened in future. Physical development involves moving and handling. Children should show good control and co-ordination in large and small movements. They can handle equipment’s and tools effectively including pencil for writing. Personal, social and emotional development helps children to develop a positive sense of themselves and others. They learn how to develop social skills, they play co-operatively taking turns with each other, they show sensitivity to other’s needs and felling, form positive relationship with adults and other children. They learn how to manage their own feelings. The can manage their own basic hygiene and personal needs including dressing and going to toilets independently and to have self-confidence and self-awareness. Literacy, they are able to link sound and letters and to begin read and write. Mathematics, they improve their skills in counting, they can count up to twenty, they can do simple addition and subtraction, and able to recognized shapes. Understanding the world, Arts and design should involve providing opportunities to share their thought, concepts and feeling through a variety of ways in art music dance role-play.

The Future Of The Internet :: essays research papers

It's on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in our schools. Everywhere you go you hear about the Internet. Dubbed "The Information Superhighway," one might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and as captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on longer and longer, this "Information Superhighway" could be perhaps more correctly referred to as a clogged Los-Angeles expressway at lunch hour.Users are often frustrated at busy signals and slow speeds. The corporate giant, America Online, Inc, has recently been the target of several lawsuits over this because when it changed it's pricing plan, so many new users came on, and so many people started staying on longer, that it's system couldn't handle the strain and would run very slow and give busy signals to almost everyone that tried to log on. As a result people started staying online because they were afraid that if they logged off, they would never get back on. This forced America Online to upgrade enormous amounts of equipment, lease new telephone lines, and issue commercials apologizing for the whole predicament. They even started giving refunds to users who were never able to get on during the troubled ordeal.Some people are predicting, because of the length of Internet calls and the amount of bandwidth the calls take, that one day in the not so distant future, the entire telephone network, or at least a great portion of it, will cease to function, and all telephone calls will fail to connect. This idea is referred to by some as the "Gridlock Theory." Others advise that steps can be taken to avoid such a disaster, such as upgrading phone lines and limiting Internet usage.Following the gridlock idea is Ethernet creator Bob Metcalfe, who believes that the slowdowns will only get worse. "We recently had an outage... (that) denied 400,00 people access to the Internet, in its entirety, for thirteen hours. I expect even worse ca ses to develop this year." (Hunter, the Internet.)It is estimated that twenty-five to thirty million users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent study by Pacific Bell, and average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause switches to overload and, in turn, cause telephone calls to fail.

The Realtionship Between Salamano And His Dog The Stranger By Albert C :: essays research papers

Misery Loves Company Salamano and his dog have a strange relationship. They are always together and even look similar, but Salamano is constantly beating the dog. One would think that since the dog was Salamano’s only companion then he would treat it better. Salamano and his dog symbolize the absurdity that occurs in our everyday life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the dog and Salamano have reddish scabs and the dog has â€Å"sort of taken on his masters stooped look, muzzle down, neck straining†(pg. 27). They’ve been together for eight years, always doing the some routine, so they’ve started to take on each other’s personalities, as well as looks. They say that â€Å"misery loves company†- which is exactly the case with Salamano. He got the dog after his wife died, for companionship, but he has never really been happy. He probably figures that if he can’t be happy, then neither can the dog.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship between Salamano and his dog is utterly absurd. They’ve done the same routine day in and day out for eight long years, yet neither one will ever change or learn from their mistakes. Salamano won’t learn to let the dog finish peeing so that it won’t go in the house and the dog won’t learn not to pull the leash. They are both resistant to change, probably because they don’t know anything else, except how to be miserable together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most absurd things of all is how upset Salamano is when he looses his dog. He doesn’t treat the dog well or appreciate it when it’s there, but is distressed when it is missing. When Meursault suggests that he get a new dog, Salamano replies that he â€Å"was used to this one.† It’s not about loving the dog, it was about feeling comfortable and â€Å"used to† the routine that they had together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people are resistant to change. They become comfortable with their lives and don’t dare to venture outside of the box.

PlayStation Marketing Mix & Environment & Target Essay

The PlayStation brand is a series of video game consoles created and developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. PlayStation was the idea of Ken Kutaragi, who known as â€Å"The father of the PlayStation†, a Sony executive who had just come out of his hardware engineering division at that time. The console’s origins date back to 1986 where it was originally a joint project between Nintendo and Sony to create a CD-ROM for the Super Nintendo. The PlayStation made its debut at the Consumer Electronics Show in June 1991 when Sony revealed its console, a Super Famicom/SNES with a built-in CD-ROM drive. However, a day after the announcement, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony. The deal was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies. The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President Norio Ohga, who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing of the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo. The original PlayStation released in December 1994 was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices. Target Market They targeted at fans of video games and teenager or audience starting at 17+ and the focus is more on the male. Of course the games themselves have limits on who can play them, depending on the â€Å"content rating† on the game’s cover. Sony developed the PlayStation with the intention of hitting a wider, especially the older generation of gaming enthusiasts. Marketing Mix * Product: â€Å"A successful marketing efforts result in product that become a part of everyday life†, and that what Sony reached by offers games of all genres to match customers gaming preference. With its product PlayStation they have succeeded in satisfying the customers’ wishes by developing it among the time as requirements of the customers and their needs. * Distribution Decisions with respect to distribution focus on making the product available in adequate quantities at places where customers are normally expected to shop for them to satisfy their needs. Selecting the appropriate retailers or wholesalers is an important thing. PlayStation covered the market. It’s distributes it in various channels, customer buy it from the retailers recognized by Sony, and these retailers buy the products directly from the company itself. * Promotion Promotion is a key element of marketing program and is concerned with effectively and efficiently communicating the decisions of marketing strategy. A company’s promotional efforts are the only controllable means to create awareness among publics about itself, the products and services it offers, their features and influence their attitudes favorably. Advertising campaign carried out by Sony to promote their product for PlayStation was big, they published video clips on the Internet, and they have advertisements in television screens, newspapers and magazines all over the world and other promotional media are very important in term of creation awareness about it. Some of the phrases in the ads are: â€Å"Live In Your World. Play In Ours.† â€Å"Wherever, Whenever, Forever.† The most notable of recent PlayStation commercials is the series of â€Å"It Only Does Everything†, these commercials garnered popularity among gamers. * Price Pricing decisions are almost always made in consultation with marketing management. Customers directly relate price to quality. PlayStation is with price range from moderately-high. Here in Saudi Arabia its price varies from SR 1300 to 1700 first raises the market, and then begins gradually decrease its. Marketing Environment * Competitive Biggest competitors to PlayStation are Wii of Nintendo and Xbox from Microsoft. The competition among them is very strong, PlayStation sales dropped against Wii at the beginning of 2008, and one of the reasons is its low price. *Numbers in thousands * Technological The current penetration of Internet creates the stimulus for the increase use of Internet as information. The introductions of new technologies have changed the nature of customer’s expectations, creating new zones of tolerance. Today, customers expect more flexibility, speed and dependability from retailers, than before the introduction of web-based technologies. * Sociocultural The price has become the key determinant of purchase choice. Various consumers are always looking for the best price opportunities. Also, research shows the large number of UK consumers’ choice of product strongly depends on the appeal of product mix and its congruence with their self-concept.

How to Describe Yourself Essay

You could ask a hundred people to describe themselves and what they like least and most about themselves, and I bet you would get the same answer every time. People would say they are caring, sweet, loving, forgiving, nice, and respectful. The thing is though not everyone is what they say they are. Some people say they are forgiving but the still hold grudges and other may say they are truthful but tell that one white lie. So how can I describe myself to you? I would have to start with being honest about who I really am. I would describe myself as being honest, caring, loving, nurturing, forgiving, and a lot of other things. But I am not completely honest or completely loving or forgiving, no human being is. I tell that one white lie every now and again like: no that top looks great on you, or no you don’t look fat in those jeans. And to say that I am completely loving is not true either. There are some things I hate in life such as: tomatoes, bad hair days, and snow. Finally to say that I am forgiving would be a lie, I hold grudges longer than most people, and if you cross that certain line there’s no coming back and there is no forgiveness for you. So to say I am completely truthful, loving or forgiving would be a lie in itself. The qualities I would like to see flourish and whither about myself are the same qualities everyone has. I would like to see my bad habits of biting nails, or eating when I’m bored to wither away. But some of my best qualities I would like to see grow and expand are, being caring, putting others before myself, or helping someone in need whether my needs are more important or not. This entire thing comes back to what I describe myself as and how I really am. Some qualities about myself I want gone in a second but others I wouldn’t trade for the world. It all depends on how you view yourself. The qualities I like about myself the most are the fact that I can overlook whatever a person has done in their life and still see the good in them that’s trying to break free. Also no matter when or where if someone needs help and I know I can help them I will do it no matter what the cost. On the other hand the qualities I don’t like about myself are just like everyone else’s. I don’t like that fact that I have low self-esteem, or that I don’t have the same characteristics of other people. Also I don’t like that I sometimes judge a person just by looking at them and then I have my mind made up. But these are the qualities that make us human. Over all everyone has a good and bad quality about themself, no matter what race, religion, ethnic background ,everyone has something in common and that is the thing that makes us unique and separates us from each other. I wouldn’t trade any of my best characteristics or my good qualities. I would however change some of my bad qualities, or at least try to improve them. I as a human being have my ups and downs and have my flaws but that’s what makes me so special and so unique. So asking me to describe myself as a human being is really a trick question because it’s all a matter of my own opinion mixed with how the world sees me.

Higher Education

In Classical vs. Modern Education: The Principal Difference article from the second issue of Classical Homeschooling Magazine, Patrick Carmack compares and critizes the both classical and new modern education models in terms of effectiveness and ethics. Within the samples from Socrates’ classical education understanding, the article points out that altering education system becomes an inanimate occurrence which ignores the soul of human beings and considers them as a sort of computer, a creation solely having a brain to use as a data storage.As the author clarifies at the article by giving definitions of either type of education, education is much more complex than it seems, not merely gain information but also widen self’s horizon and learn to differentiate between good and bad, then being able to aim to goodness. Therefore the basic content of the education, what Carmack claims, should involve feelings, emotions – the most mentioned in the article is love- in o rder to have ‘‘well-rounded, cultured gentlemen and ladies, capable of addressing any problem or situation in life with the maximum likelihood both of success and personal happiness’’ (para. ). Carmack also touches upon the homeschooling issue, in a positive perspective in consequence of children who is educated or continue it by their family -except paramount situations- in a habitual, loving environment. Despite many obstacles and disadvantages author considers homeschooling as ‘‘the single greatest advantage’’ of progressive education. Another point is, the adoption of the German kindergarten model has lessened the early home formation years of children’s.Moreover this has received the chance from kids to learn culture of their homes. As Carmack mentions at the beginning, since every individual has distinct features and characteristics, it should be taken into consideration that not everyone has the same IQ, interests and culture. Thus, it is essential for a child to know self’s own culture in the cause of built their own identity solidly and this can be only learned in an environment which provides the necessary cumulative cultural factors.All in all, writer engages attention to Socratic way of educating love and, defends it against the modern, in another words progressive education, clarifies the misunderstanding about the education’s aims and, emphasizes the necessity of consideration on individuals which have diverse characteristics; IQ, learning type, interests, culture, etc.. Higher Education In Classical vs. Modern Education: The Principal Difference article from the second issue of Classical Homeschooling Magazine, Patrick Carmack compares and critizes the both classical and new modern education models in terms of effectiveness and ethics. Within the samples from Socrates’ classical education understanding, the article points out that altering education system becomes an inanimate occurrence which ignores the soul of human beings and considers them as a sort of computer, a creation solely having a brain to use as a data storage.As the author clarifies at the article by giving definitions of either type of education, education is much more complex than it seems, not merely gain information but also widen self’s horizon and learn to differentiate between good and bad, then being able to aim to goodness. Therefore the basic content of the education, what Carmack claims, should involve feelings, emotions – the most mentioned in the article is love- in o rder to have ‘‘well-rounded, cultured gentlemen and ladies, capable of addressing any problem or situation in life with the maximum likelihood both of success and personal happiness’’ (para. ). Carmack also touches upon the homeschooling issue, in a positive perspective in consequence of children who is educated or continue it by their family -except paramount situations- in a habitual, loving environment. Despite many obstacles and disadvantages author considers homeschooling as ‘‘the single greatest advantage’’ of progressive education. Another point is, the adoption of the German kindergarten model has lessened the early home formation years of children’s.Moreover this has received the chance from kids to learn culture of their homes. As Carmack mentions at the beginning, since every individual has distinct features and characteristics, it should be taken into consideration that not everyone has the same IQ, interests and culture. Thus, it is essential for a child to know self’s own culture in the cause of built their own identity solidly and this can be only learned in an environment which provides the necessary cumulative cultural factors.All in all, writer engages attention to Socratic way of educating love and, defends it against the modern, in another words progressive education, clarifies the misunderstanding about the education’s aims and, emphasizes the necessity of consideration on individuals which have diverse characteristics; IQ, learning type, interests, culture, etc..