Marx Critique On The Economic Classes Of Society - 1154 Words

Marx critique comes from a theme of capitalism presupposed fundamentally evil and flawed system because it relies on an exploitation structure. For example the bourgeoisie who own the production and tear down the proletariat who does the labor. Marx’s view is that the capitalist system is put on the backs of the proletariat, who do not get sufficient rewards for their labor. His hypothesis is that the difference between the economic classes of society is the surplus labor, which comes from the producer itself. In some ways Marxists critiques are valid but they usually fail in the aspect of intellectual, observational, and practical levels. The intellectual failure is about the manifest where his words comes off that the wage labor is†¦show more content†¦On an observational level the governments that have been created using Marxism have became disasters in regard to other capitalist societies which have strived for the superiority of economics and morals. Vladimir Lenin launched a Marxist revolution in 1917 becoming a strong military force but also undermining its proletariat under the corrupt rule of Stalin. Thus the Soviet Union crashed on itself showing how it was a failure and the other member states moved to capitalist economies in form of government. In regards of China still a nation state, which has string ties to economic power. Although China shares in the hard suppression of a citizens individual rights like the Soviet Union. The other state that remains using Marxism is North Korea. North Korea has horrible economic conditions and do regard for individual rights as well. For the political level Marx belittled the power of democratic forms of government to the systems of liberal capitalism. In conjecture democracies are formed to give power to the proletariat by giving them some voice in making decisions that affect the economic system they are in. The concept behind individual rights is the freedom of the individual brought up by Marx. This shows the safety net behind capitalism when show more of liking to dictatorships over individual rights of citizens. When there are competitive markets allowed to go on without being checked there is an abundant amount of wealth created, butShow MoreRelatedThe Basic Concepts Of Marxism1460 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment had to use taxpayer money in order to bail out big banks and corporations to prevent an economic collapse, despite these large companies chose to gamble at such risks. Many Americans were dissatisfied with financial elitism that governed the American society through economic influences. Karl Marx’s Class antagonism still exists in the present day, but in a different form and scale from antagonism Marx described during his time. Having mentioned Occupy Wall Street, a clear present day exampleRead MoreConflict Theory, Karl Marx, and the Communist Manifesto Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Theory, Karl Marx, and The Communist Manifesto In order to understand Marx a few terms need to be defined. The first is Bourgeoisie; these are the Capitalists and they are the employers of wage laborers, and the owners of the means of production. The means of production includes the physical instruments of production such as the machines, and tools, as well as the methods of working (skills, division of labor). The Proletariat is the class of wage-laborers, they do not have their ownRead MoreThe Great Law Of Motion Of History Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconditions under which men must operate for them to have a chance at restructuring their society and achieving emancipation. Marx illustrates across theory and practice how mankind, though limited in its autonomy by the existing societal order, has an opportunity to emancipate itself from the legal and political superstructure constructed independently of its will when sufficiently focused, energized and united. Hence how Marx pays enough heed to a particular, the ascent of Louis Napoleon, such that he canRead MoreMarxist Theory On Capitalism And Communism1468 Words   |  6 PagesMARXIST MATERIALISM Marx was a philosopher and economist. He developed the concept of materialism to study the material things in society, i.e. the economy, that shape and affect the social life of individuals. Marx studied the work of Hegel, however rejected his predecessor’s focus on ideals because he recognized an essential connection with the problems of society and individuals and the material conditions of the society (Ritzer 2011: 21). Marx employed materialism in two facets of his theoreticalRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreCapitalism and Proletariats945 Words   |  4 Pages Critiques of social contract theories abound, even including criticisms from social contract theorists themselves, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke’s social contract theory remains one of the prominent theories to this day, and includes the idea that a thing owned in common can be obtained by adding one’s labor to it. Critics of social contract theories aren’t simply seeking to negate the theories of social contract theories, but in many cases are seeking to enhance them and show howRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1151 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx was a philosopher, economist, socialist, and journalist in the 18th century. He is most famous for his books the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Among his theories he discussed ideas involving the economy, politics, and social relations. Some of his most important phrases most central to Marx’s thinking were alienation, freedom, surplus value, and social relations of productio n. The new ideas he presented regarding politics and economics, his critiques of other theories and politicalRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1255 Words   |  6 Pagesby Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to begin explaining Communism and its goals. The Manifesto suggests that history acts according to what is called â€Å"class struggle.† The â€Å"means of production† are what truly defines the class relationships according to Marx and Engels (Marx 2002). Inevitably, the classes conflict and become hostile, no longer moving fluidly (Spalding 2000). The Manifesto states that this conflict becomes so severe that it eventually becomes a revolution and one of the classes becomesRead MoreKarl Marx And The Marxist Theory Of Political Economy1100 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics often detaches from analysing people and the social relationships between them to instead focus on mathematical modelling. In the contemporary world, economists failed to predict numerous crises, the most recent being the Global Financial Crisis of 2006. Such failures coincide with the deteriorating belief in governments, leading to the rebirth of the use of Marxist thinking. â€Å"Sales of Das Kapital, Marx s masterpiece of political economy, have soared ever since 2008, as have those of TheRead MoreKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was group

Worldcom, Inc. And Sprint Corporation Essay - 911 Words

Introduction On October 4, 1999, WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint announced their plans to merge of long-distance and telecommunication markets. It was $129 million deal, which raised concerns regarding how the merger of the two largest Internet backbone providers could affect the Internet markets. According to the case description, at the time of the agreement, the two companies were the second and third largest traditional long-distance telecommunication companies in the United States, and the first and second largest providers of Internet backbone network service both domestically and internationally. Although many mergers can be beneficial, it can also effect negatively to the consumers. In fact, the proposed merger of WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint would be the case in point. WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint Corporation According to WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint case packet by Baye and Scholten, WorldCom, Inc. is formerly known as MCI WorldCom, Inc. and is one of the largest global telecommunications providers with operating in more than 65 countries. As measured by revenues, it is also second largest provider of date network services. Sprint Corporation, in the other hand, is also one of largest telecommunications providers in United States, serving more than 17 million residential and business customers. In addition, Sprint Corporation has been competing head–to-head against WorldCom, Inc. in many markets in which the two companies operate. Overview of history background The proposedShow MoreRelatedOligopoly: Monopoly and Demand Curve1451 Words   |  6 Pagesas banking. Differentiated oligopolies, where the products have some differences, are found in consumer goods industries, such as cars, biscuits, beer and electrical appliances. There is however another oligopoly in which the manner of the corporation or industry is quite familiar to that of a monopoly. This oligopoly is termed collusive. A collusive oligopoly has the ability to behave in the manner of a monopoly and no longer faces a kink in the demand curve. With this type of oligopoly thereRead MoreEssay on Oligopoly1442 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as banking. Differentiated oligopolies, where the products have some differences, are found in consumer goods industries, such as cars, biscuits, beer and electrical appliances. There is however another oligopoly in which the manner of the corporation or industry is quite familiar to that of a monopoly. This oligopoly is termed collusive. A collusive oligopoly has the ability to behave in the manner of a monopoly and no longer faces a kink in the demand curve. 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A summary of Worldcom, historical data and background. Worldcom will soon be one of the largest telecommunication companies on the planet. Worldcom has built its global presence through a multitude of financial acquisitions and investments, highly successful product marketing programs, while making business alliances with many of the most successful companies in the technology and telecommunications sector. Worldcom (stock symbol: WCOM), formerly MCI, WorldcomRead MoreAccounting Fraud And The Financial Fraud1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers, former partner said â€Å"He didn’t know anything about the long distance or telephone business, but he knew how to read numbers, he was a number cruncher.†(â€Å"Inside†) This should have been a warning sign to those investing in the company that Ebbers wasn’t the best choice to run the 2nd biggest telecom company in America. WorldCom was just one of many accounting frauds that took place in the early 2000’s. But unfortunately that trend of dishonest accounting didn’tRead MoreMobile Phones And The Cell Phone Industry4055 Words   |  17 Pageswill merge. The common objective between companies that merge are not only the extensive demand of technology, but also the effective implementation of wireless amenities which are needed to stay lucrative. One merger that occurred in 1995 was the Sprint Nextel merger. This merger has come to represent a failed merger. In order to understand mergers within the cell phone industry this merger will be examined. Readers of this paper will learn about the histories of both companies, the details of the

Challenges And Scenario Of 5th Generation Wireless Communication Syste

Question: Discuss about the Challenges And Scenario Of 5th Generation Wireless Communication System. Answer: Annotated Bibliography and literature review Articles Description 1. Vakilian, V., Wild, T., Schaich, F., ten Brink, S. and Frigon, J.F., 2013, December. Universal-filtered multi-carrier technique for wireless systems beyond LTE. InGlobecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2013 IEEE(pp. 223-228). IEEE. In the article, multi-carrier transmission scheme, which is considered one of the important functions of wireless system proposed. The system has been proposed in order to overcome the issue of inter-carrier interface in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The system is known as universal-filtered multi-carrier. It is a filtering operation applied to a group of consecutive subcarrier for minimizing out-of-band sidelobe levels as well as subsequently reduces technique. The number of base stations can send received signals from the equipments of user. 2. Huang, K. and Larsson, E., 2013. Simultaneous information and power transfer for broadband wireless systems.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,61(23), pp.5972-5986. The article deals with power transfer for broadband wireless systems. It is important to develop such systems that can enhance performance of the system. Far-field microwave power transfer can free wireless mobile sensors as well as other mobile devices. Integration of MPT with wireless communication and spectrum. A novel approach has been presented in the article in order to realize SWIFT in broadband system. In the particular system, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing as well as transmit beam forming are implemented for creating a set of parallel sub-channels of SWIFT. 3. Thompson, J., Ge, X., Wu, H.C., Irmer, R., Jiang, H., Fettweis, G. and Alamouti, S., 2014. 5G wireless communication systems: prospects and challenges part 2 [Guest Editorial].IEEE Communications Magazine,52(5), pp.24-26. The article discusses 5G wireless communication systems prospects as well as challenges aspect. The 5G needs to be featured with intelligent technology, which can interconnect entire world without having any limitations. In addition, the technology introduces a whole new concept of multi-path data path scheme for a real wireless world. The technology envisions for designing a real wireless world. The technology is free from the obstacles of the earlier designs. 4. Wang, C.X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X.H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., Aggoune, H., Haas, H., Fletcher, S. and Hepsaydir, E., 2014. Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(2), pp.122-130. The fourth generation wireless communication system has been implemented in several countries. On the other hand, an explosion of wireless mobile devices as well as service has an important role in the service. Wireless system designers are facing continuous increase in demand for high data rates as well as mobility needed by wireless applications. Thus, it is essential to research on 5th generation wireless technology that is achieved in the article. In addition, potential cellular architecture, which can separate indoor as well as outdoor scenarios are discussed in the present case. 5. Thilina, K.M., Tabassum, H., Hossain, E. and Kim, D.I., 2015. Medium access control design for full duplex wireless systems: challenges and approaches.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(5), pp.112-120. The recent advancement in the techniques for self-interface cancellation in order to enable in-band full duplex transmission in which wireless node simultaneously transmit as well as receive the same frequency band. The issues in physical layer and medium access control issues like inter-node collisions as well as fairness between half-duplex as well as full duplex are resolved in the article. Moreover, qualitative comparison among full-duplex protocols is provided. Research proposal, data collection and qualitative analysis: Background While the past eras of versatile generations were centered on giving high rates and consistent network for the customers, 5G is ready to change the vertical industries, for example, energy, transport, industrial production as well as health. There is a typical accord that 5G will comprise of three unique modes: extended Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC). With mMTC, the vertical businesses access information from enormous measure of sensors and exceptional bits of knowledge in e.g. energy infrastructure or inventory network. URLLC speaks to a standout amongst the most inventive highlights of 5G, empowering mission-basic interchanges, for example, reliable remote activity with robots or coordination among vehicles. The esteem brought by URLLC can be comprehended as takes after: Once a vertical industry can securely expect that remote availability is "genuinely anyplace and whenever" and can be ensured e.g. 99 .999% of the time, the way to deal with framework outline and operation changes in a general sense (Vakilian et al. 2013). This discussion will present difficulties confronted by remote correspondence on the way of making 5G and changing the present vertical businesses into associated, completely advanced verticals. Critical review of literature review Huang and Larsson (2013) stated that challenges are considered as the natural part of new development, similar to advancement in technology; 5G has huge difficulties for managing. As seeing in past, improvement of the radio technology, quick enhancement has been found. Starting from first generation to fifth generation, the development is happened around 40 years of age. Nonetheless, in the development, the basic difficulties are faced as there are absence of infrastructure, research methodology as well as cost. Technological challenges Inter-cell interference is considered as major technological issues required solving. There are several variations in size of traditional macro cells and concurrent small cells, that can lead to interference. Efficient Medium Access Control In the present circumstance, dense implementation of access points as well as terminals of users are needed, the user throughput will be low, however latency will be high as well as hotspots won't be able to be competent to the cellular technology in order to give high throughput. It needs to be looked into legitimately optimizing technology. Traffic Management On the other hand, conventional human to human movement in cell arranges, a large number of Machine to Machine (M2M) devices in a cell that may cause genuine framework issues such as radio access network (RAN) challenges, which will cause overload as well as blockage. Common Challenges Multiple Services It is the signals like radio signal services and 5G has colossal assignment in order to offer services to the heterogeneous systems. The technologies and devices working in various geographic locations need to work properly (Wang et al. 2014). In this way, the challenge is making standardization in order to give dynamic, universal, data rich as well as user-centric wireless services for fulfilling the high expectation of users. Infrastructure Researchers are confronting innovative difficulties of standardization as well as utilization of 5G services. Communication, Navigation as well as Sensing The particular services are depended on accessibility of the radio spectrum by the signals that can be transmitted. In addition, 5G technology has solid power of computational in order to process a great volume of information that is originating from several sources, yet it requires more support of infrastructure. Security and Privacy It is considered as a standout amongst the imperative difficulties that 5G requires the assurance of individual information (Saad et al. 2014). 5G should make characterization of the vulnerabilities that are detected with the security dangers that consists of putting stock in, protection, cyber security developing over the world. Legislation of Cyber law In this aspect, cybercrime as well as different extortion may likewise increment with the speed as well as ubiquitous 5G technology. In the specific way, enactment of the Cyber law is likewise a primary challenge in a great extent is administrative and political in nature. Salient features of 5G technology The fifth generation mobile network and simply 5G is considered as the revolution of mobile technology. In this aspect, the features as well as usability are considered as beyond of the expectation of being normal human. Thus, the ultra high speed for changing the definition of cell phone usability can be helpful in this aspect. With the huge array of providing innovative features, smart phone like to more parallel in nature to laptop can be helpful for the process. Broadband internet connection and other important features can fascinate people in more gaming options and wider multi-media options. Connectivity to every place as well as zero latency and faster response time is advantages of using 5G wireless communication system. Moreover, high quality sound as well as HD video is be transferred on distinctive cellular phone without having any compromise with the quality of audio as well as video. Aims The research will have to find out the challenges faced while developing 5G wireless communication system. Additionally, scenario of 5G wireless communication system will be explored in the research. Methodology In order to conduct the research in proper way, selection of research tools such as research design, approach and philosophy are important. Research Philosophy: Positivism: Positivism, realism and interpretivism are three types of research philosophy (Brinkmann 2014). The research will be followed based on positivism philosophy. The philosophy would be helpful for using factual knowledge and conduct the research in scientific as well as statistical way. Thus, in order to understand the challenge and opportunities of 5th generation wireless technology, positivism philosophy would be helpful. Research approach: Deductive Deductive and inductive are two type of research approaches (Mackey and Gass 2015). Deductive approach assists to research with existing theories as well as concepts (Gale et al. 2013). In addition, deductive approach would concern to do the research by transforming general data to specific data. The researcher will select deductive research approach. Choosing positivism philosophy is one of the reasons for that. Research Design: Descriptive Descriptive research design will be selected in the research in order to clarify research topic. In addition, for understanding the causes and effect of the research issues along with predicting future occurrences of the research problem will be helpful for choosing descriptive research design. Research Strategy: Online survey Online survey research strategy will be followed for analyzing the scenarios as well as challenges of 5G wireless communication technology. WH questions will be formed for the survey questionnaire. Sample, Sampling process and analysis 65 number of IT professionals will be selected for survey session. On the other hand, simple random probability sampling technique will be sued in the research, whereas qualitative analysis will be achieved in the research. Implications 5G technology is decorated with many and distinct features, which applicability is helpful for wide range individuals regardless of their motivations. A portion of the noteworthy applications through which 5G technology can be implemented and challenges can be eradicated. It will make brought together worldwide standard for all. Network availability will be all over the place and will encourage individuals to utilize their PC and such sort of cell phones anyplace whenever. Because of the IPv6 innovation, going to care of versatile IP address will be assigned according to the associated arrange and geological position (Chiou and Rebeiz 2013). Its application will make world genuine Wi Fi zone. Its psychological radio technology will encourage diverse variant of radio advances to have a similar range proficiently. Its application will encourage individuals to profit radio flag at higher height also. Expected outcomes Various researches about as well as exchanges are going ahead over the world among several technologists, academicians, merchants, administrators along with the governments regarding development usage, reasonability as well as security worries of 5G. However, the inquiry is included in a circumstance that having past advancements are still under the process as well as several parts yet to be started. The 5th generation technology has intension for providing unimaginable as well as abilities regarding momentous information as well as incomprehensible information communicate that are inside as the most recent portable working framework. In addition consequently, it is more shrewd innovation that will interconnect the whole world unbounded (Choi et al. 2015). Similarly, the reality would have general as well as continuous access to the specific data, communication as well as excitement that will open another measurement to lives as well as will change our way of life seriously. In addition, governments as well as controllers can use the innovation like an open door for the great administration along with the process that can make more beneficial conditions, supporting the process with interest in 5G, considered as the cutting edge technology. Survey- Questionnaires The survey questionnaires will be arranged where 65 numbers of IT professionals took part and answers the questions. How far you agree that development of 5G wireless communication systems includes several difficulties and challenges? What are the challenges faced while developing the technology? What are the benefits of 5G wireless communication technology? What are the limitations of using 5G wireless communication technology? Qualitative analysis Accumulated data from the survey questionnaire will be analyzed with the help of qualitative analysis. At first, the data will be disassembled. In this step, unnecessary and inappropriate data will be sorted out. After the process, the data will reassemble and interpret. In this process, numerical data will be collected in order to make sense of research questions. Moreover, the data will be analyzed as well as presented in proper form. One of the general methods of evaluating numerical data is statistical analysis, which will be followed in the research. At the last step, result will be presented in the research that will fulfill research aims. In this way, scenario and challenges of using 5G wireless communication technology will be presented. References Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Chiou, Y.C. and Rebeiz, G.M., 2013. Tunable 1.55-2.1 GHz 4-Pole Elliptic Bandpass Filter With Bandwidth Control and ${ 50}~{hbox {dB}} $ Rejection for Wireless Systems.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,61(1), pp.117-124. Choi, J., Love, D.J., Brown III, D.R. and Boutin, M., 2015. Quantized Distributed Reception for MIMO Wireless Systems Using Spatial Multiplexing.IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,63(13), pp.3537-3548. Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p.117. Huang, K. and Larsson, E., 2013. Simultaneous information and power transfer for broadband wireless systems.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,61(23), pp.5972-5986. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge: Abingdon Saad, W., Zhou, X., Han, Z. and Poor, H.V., 2014. On the physical layer security of backscatter wireless systems.IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,13(6), pp.3442-3451. Samimi, M.K., Sun, S. and Rappaport, T.S., 2016, April. MIMO channel modeling and capacity analysis for 5G millimeter-wave wireless systems. InAntennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2016 10th European Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Thilina, K.M., Tabassum, H., Hossain, E. and Kim, D.I., 2015. Medium access control design for full duplex wireless systems: challenges and approaches.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(5), pp.112-120. Thompson, J., Ge, X., Wu, H.C., Irmer, R., Jiang, H., Fettweis, G. and Alamouti, S., 2014. 5G wireless communication systems: prospects and challenges part 2 [Guest Editorial].IEEE Communications Magazine,52(5), pp.24-26. Vakilian, V., Wild, T., Schaich, F., ten Brink, S. and Frigon, J.F., 2013, December. Universal-filtered multi-carrier technique for wireless systems beyond LTE. InGlobecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2013 IEEE(pp. 223-228). IEEE. Wang, C.X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X.H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., Aggoune, H., Haas, H., Fletcher, S. and Hepsaydir, E., 2014. Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(2), pp.122-130.

The Greek Cosmobob free essay sample

Executive Summary The Greek Cosmobob People from all over the world immigrate to places like Canada, not for a change of scenery but for the opportunity of a better life. Cosmo Panetta did just that in 1958, leaving his homeland of Greece. Since his move to Canada, Panetta has opened two successful businesses, a variety store and a drive-in/take-out restaurant. Panetta now has several business opportunities to take a popular menu item, the Cosmobob, to the mass-market. Panetta has some important decisions to make on the future of his family business. His options are to grow his company by opening a third drive-in/take-out restaurant, manufacture and market the Cosmobob to the food service industry, manufacture and market the Cosmobob to the retail industry, or not grow at all. Panetta and his family settled in Niagara Falls, Canada in 1958. In 1968, Panetta seized the opportunity to own his own business and purchased a small variety store which was sold to a convenience chain in 1975. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Cosmobob or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Panetta was them able to purchase a drive-in/take-out restaurant which he named Cosmo’s Drive-In.Cosmo’s Drive-In was located on Lundy’s Lane in Niagara Falls, just four miles from the Falls and the Clifton Hills area, which is where most of the tourist accommodations are located. In 1979, Panetta expanded his business with the purchase of a second drive-in restaurant on Thorold Stone Road, a main industrial thoroughfare in Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls area attracts over 13. 4 billion visitors each year adding to the customer base of an area with over 79,000 year round residents. Panetta credited his success to three things, a good location, high quality product, and a fair price.Cosmo’s Drive-In was incorporated in 1979. Cosmo’s Drive-In offered a limited menu selection to preserve efficiency and quality. Although other drive-in/take-out restaurants were diversifying their menu options with many specialty products, Panetta only added one, the Cosmobob. The Cosmobob is a pork-based souvlaki or shish kabob, which Panetta developed in 1979. Panetta’s Cosmobob was small cubes of seasoned pork mounted on a bamboo skewer and served with Cosmobob sauce. Panetta wanted his product to stand apart from other lower quality souvlaki on the market and therefore named his product the Cosmobob.Panetta had two potential options for a new facility. One was an old mushroom factory located in Grimsby, Ontario that would require $100,000 to $120,000 in improvements to bring the facility up to provincial health standards. The second was an old dairy plant in Niagara Falls that would only require $30,000 to bring the facility up to provincial health standards. To bring either facility up to par to pass federal government inspections would cost an additional $30,000 to $40,000 along with an additional $80,000 for equipment.Total rent for the first three years for old mushroom factory would total $83,300 and for the old dairy plant would be $103,200 a significant difference of $19,900 more. However, due to the lower cost of upgrading needed at the old dairy plant made it a more feasible choice between the two. Renting the old dairy plant, which is located in Niagara Falls, would also mean Panetta could maintain his current staff that were already trained and ready to go. In February 1999, Panetta was approached by a commercial developer looking for a fast food restaurant to locate into his new mall.Rent would be $1600 a month with an annual rent increase of inflation plus one percent. Rent for the first three years would total $59,384. Panetta would also need to spend approximately $60,000 for improvements and equipment. An average of 500 cars would visit the mall and Panetta felt that it would do about 60 percent of the Thorold Stone Road sales, matching it within two years. Panetta also consider entering the food service market on a provincial or national scale. This would require him to employ a salesperson at $40,000 per year (salary plus expenses) or a food wholesaler, who would require a 20 percent margin on the purchase price.A salesperson would have to sell 2742 cases to match the breakeven point through a food wholesaler who sold the same amount of cases. For Panetta each case sold by the salesperson after the 2742 cases would provide a profit of $17. 76 per case but if sold by a food wholesaler would provide only a profit of $14. 59 per case. If Panetta could sell 600 cases per month in the local market, a salesperson should be able to sell much more than that if taken to the provincial or national market. The other option Panetta has to consider is the retail market. The retail market is highly competitive industry and expensive to introduce a new product to the retail stores. With a typical retail store carrying about 15,000 items, shelf space is at a premium and the retail stores required $20,000 placement fee per supermarket chain. In addition, they would require price discounts, samples, free food allowances, and cooperative advertising just to get new product acceptance. Trade promotions could run as high as 15 percent of manufacturer’s selling price and consumer promotions could easily exceed $500,000 the first year.Along with good promotional support and guaranteed deliveries, supermarket chains would require a 25 percent margin on retail selling price. Panetta already has two successful restaurants being run by himself and his son Joe. Although the start-up cost and rent is a lot cheaper, an additional restaurant location would become a major burden on both Panetta and his son Joe to manage. The retail market has the most potential for profit in the long run, however due to the high cost of start-up in major supermarket chains along with all the additional placement fees, promotional fees, etc.

Prostitution in Seventeenth Century Europe

Prostitution in Seventeenth Century Europe Prostitution, from its earliest inceptions, has carried a rather unflattering connotation. A majority of the population attaches pejorative labels such as "slut" or "whore" to its practitioners, and deem the institution in general as a taboo subject not mentioned in polite conversation. Regardless of its negative stereotypes, prostitution has become an omnipresent reality even in today's modern world. This essay looks at prostitution in three European countries- Italy, The Netherlands, and England. It will examine how most people viewed such an establishment, the various methods of regulation (if such means existed), and the resulting consequences on seventeenth century society.Most of Europe viewed prostitution in the seventeenth century as a degrading and disreputable means of making a living. This was especially true in Italy, particularly in the city of Florence, which had been transformed by the Renaissance into the cultural and artistic center of the country. As a result, many prostitutes flocked to Florence due to the potential for lavish financial gains.The Procuress, oil on canvasMost of these women of ill repute migrated from the northern countries of Germany, The Netherlands, and Belgium. Only around fifteen percent of Florentine prostitutes came from Italian origins.As John Brackett describes in his article "The Florentine Onesta and the Control of Prostitution, 1403-1680", several of the citizens of Florence regarded prostitution as immoral and viewed it with suspicion. The prevailing thought was that women should not flaunt their libidinous intentions even in the most clandestine settings, and certainly not advertise themselves in public. However, many also realized that lasciviousness was, at the time, a necessity which would be difficult to eradicate altogether. Therefore, the Italian government created the Onesta (Office of Decency) to regulate the practice of prostitution.Instead, the Onesta became a device of exploitation and completely ostac ized prostitutes from tyhe rest of...

A Perfect Research Paper Introduction

A Perfect Research Paper Introduction A Perfect Research Paper Introduction Introduction is always an important part of a written assignment, as it presents thoughts to the reader and allows making up his mind whether to go on further. Moreover, it is very important if you are completing a research paper, as it may contain complex information and the topic may seem difficult to understand. In such cases, your introduction will serve as an outline and contain information about the research itself. Unfortunately, many students find it difficult to limit the whole paper to a couple paragraphs and don’t know where to start. Following our simple tips and advice will definitely help you to complete an introduction without any efforts. Give information on the topic It is not a secret that every introduction should start with an engaging and interesting overview of the topic, as the readers should know what to expect. That is why the best way to start your introduction is to state the topic. You should also need to add various matters on the subject and state your personal opinion. It will definitely be intriguing and make the audience to go on reading. The advice here is very simple: begin with a general information on the topic and then narrow it to several aspects, which you want to highlight. This section doesn’t require a deep analysis of the subject but you still shouldn’t sound shallow. If your topic is complicated and contains terms that are difficult to comprehend, try to explain it in simple words not to bore the audience. Provide a literature overview Any research paper should be based on credible and relevant sources, so you need to make a thorough research and analyze only trustful literature. Every introduction should contain a brief overview of the literature, used during your studies. In addition, you can include quotes of various authors or philosophers to back your ideas and support your point of view. Provide the background When you start your research paper, you need to provide the rationale, which can be a perfect way to show your attitude to the subject and give readers a chance to ponder on the subject. Such background allows to reveal information on the topic and prove that your research is important for the society or the field of science. Provide a catchy thesis Your thesis statement links introduction conclusions and body paragraphs, so you need to be very attentive and thoughtful, when completing this section. Remember that your thesis should contain general information on the whole work and engage your views on the subject to help the audience to understand your ideas. It can be called the business card of your whole work, so don’t forget to include general information on the subject and reflect all the important issues. In addition, remember to stay clear and engaging to catch interest of the readers. Don’t forget about the outline When you have almost completed your introduction, it is time to provide the structure of the whole work. Not every professor requires to include an outline to your introduction but you still need to be ready for such a demand. In this case, you need to write a short paragraph, which contains three or four sentences about the main goal and content of the whole research paper. If you lack ideas, you can find introduction examples online to get fresh ideas. Require assistance? If you follow all the instructions, writing a proper introduction for your research paper may not seem challenging at all. However, even the best students may face various complications and it is very difficult to choose a proper topic and deliver everything on time. That is why they often wonder how to make introduction perfect and avoid sleepless nights and lots of stress. There is a great way out, which won’t require much of your time and efforts: contacting a professional writing company. With the assistance of professional writers, you won’t have to spend long hours, looking for a proper introduction online or trying to complete it on your own. So if you ask us ‘can you complete my research paper?’ we will definitely say ‘yes’! Our skilled writers will provide your with a written from scratch content and you will always be sure that it will contain all of your requirements. Moreover, you will always meet the deadlines, avoiding stress and anxiety. If you still have doubts, just make a request and see yourself how simple and fun your student years can be!

Judgement and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Judgement and decision making - Essay Example he function of GDP focuses on the economic advantage and understanding in order to provide appropriate actions and programs that will ameliorate and develop the economic state of the country for the betterment of the people. Consequently, with the use of GDP as a basis for economic legislations, a number of economists and researchers have implicated the role of GDP in measuring the well being among people (Harvie, Slater, Philip, & Wheatley, 2009; R. Brinkman & J. Brinkman, 2011). Samimi and Darabi (2011) noted that the connection of GDP and human well being is evidently seen on the economic situation of the people, whether they are in the best or worst condition. The GDP determines the revenues and liabilities of the country that flow internally and externally from the economic value of the country. Hence, the identification of the country’s GDP will help people to recognize ways and means to enhance and develop the economic condition of the country and in turn create beneficial effects to the people. Hence, the economic policies that mirror from the GDP will create an advantage and positive interest to the people in order to experience satisfaction and contentment in life (Osberg & Sharpe, 2002). van den Bergh (2009) implicated that GDP has a number of lapses when predicting the well being among the general population of the country. Generally, there are still other external factors that could predict the high level of subjective well being among people, and GDP is just of indicators to well being. Particularly, the GDP only focuses on the annual income of the country to forecast the well being of the people; however, the GDP cannot capture the ‘adaptation phenomenon’ that people will experience after they have adjusted to their lifestyle and condition in life. For example, people who felt happiness after winning the sweepstakes are more likely to fade the feeling of happiness after a period of time (Hilts, 1999). Hence, well being is not more about the

Personal Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Reflection - Essay Example Team Work and Project The first week, as in case of any other team, involved the formation of teams as well as members of these teams meeting for the first time and getting to know each other (Wech et al 1986, p.472). Those who are part of our team did not get a chance to attend the first session where the teams were selected, and this left all of us out. However, we were put into one group, which turned out to be lucky for us because each of the group members is remarkable in their own right. These group members include Ammarand, Katie, Kate, and me, and we were formed into a group by our teacher, Julie Foreman. We got to know each other in the following week, with each of the group members exchanging email addresses and phone numbers, to ensure that we would be able to effectively coordinate our activities. We also exchanged personal information so that we would know each other even better, especially concerning our backgrounds. In addition, we came to discuss matters which were pe rtinent to the group, and it is during these discussions that we decided on the team charter. Moreover, the priorities of our team were upon. One of the most fascinating parts of our discussions was coming up with a team name, and we eventually settled for The Green Machine. After all these had been decided, we went to meet our client, OPSMC, where we were made familiar with the activities of the organisation as well as what was expected of us. The first task, which we had to handle, was to write a response to the project brief. It was a task which required us to give information about our client, what the client needed from us, as well as all the information as well as the sources of such information  so that we would be able to complete the tasks given (Ahmad and Mahmood, 2011, p.32). All the team members were supposed to complete this first task individually. Once the entire individual work had been completed, we now started concentrating on the team work. Each of the team memb ers had to come up with ideas on how to best complete our tasks as a team. This ensured that all members felt a part of it, despite the fact that not all the ideas given were accepted by the group members. It was exceptionally easy to fit into the team because all four of us worked extremely well together, and we rarely had any disagreements among ourselves. When the team had decided on the ideas which we would work with, the time came for the Norming stage, where all the members of the team were required to complete tasks (Caprar and Neville, 2012, p.231). As we were working towards a common goal, all members of the team made decisions that were for its benefit. The first task that was assigned to the team was to make a podcast, although the podcast was supposed to be a matter of teamwork, we chose to do our own separately, and later put them together as a team. My podcast was quite difficult to make, but after many trials, I managed to come up with one which I think was almost per fect. All the videos, which we had made, were compiled and presented to our tutor. Our next task was External Environment, which the team also did extraordinarily well by sharing the various things to be done among the members. Once the work was done, it was sent to Kate, whose responsibility it was to compile

Trends in terrorism Essay Example for Free

Trends in terrorism Essay Trends in terrorism can be defined as changes in the type, number and leathality of terrorist attacks, attitudes of terrorist groups plus other factgors over time. Terrorism has exacted some steep costs, Airlines and tourism suffered after September 11; that could happen again. Spending for the war in Iraq was vastly underestimated. But the damage has paled before the larger effect, which is not much. Terrorism hasnt destroyed prosperity or cross-border flows of goods, money and people. People regard attacks around the world (in London, Madrid, Bali) as isolated tragedies and not a cause to alter their buying habits. The smaller size of terrorist cells means they are more difficult to detect and engage,  they are less capable, but also less predictable and possibly more dangerous. Terrorists’ growing sophistication is exemplified in their use of the Internet.   Their increasing criminal activity is reflected their use of the same networks as transnational criminal groups.   The terrorists’ focus on Iraq is being aided by networks uncovered in several regions that supply a flow of foreign terrorists there. An early and ongoing victim of terrorism, the commercial airlines industry has been a focus of domestic and international incidents. Initially, attacks against aircraft demonstrated publicity value, often achieved their aim, and proved attractive to state sponsors. The industry responded in a positive and responsible manner by implementing security improvements and fostering international protective cooperation. Hijacking and armed attacks occur less frequently in today’s world—a measure of improved defensive awareness—although still posing a risk in locations where preventive measures are not stringently observed. A greater danger today lies in the sabotage or bombing of commercial aircraft, a menace which will only diminish in the face of constantly improving security precautions. The changing threat to the airlines industry underscores the dynamic nature of terrorism. Motivations, targeting, strategy, tactics—even logistics—continue to evolve, in keeping with efforts on the part of security agencies to meet the challenges and to stay ahead of the dangers. Terrorist atrocities in Algeria, characterized by the horrific slaughter of women and children; bombs hidden aboard a train in Pakistan which claimed 23 lives and injured 75 others; and the deaths of more than 260 persons as the result of truck-bomb explosions at the US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, are reminders that terrorists retain the determination and ability to strike ruthlessly at a broad range of targets in many locations. Motivation. Originally reflecting a largely left-wing ideological foundation, today’s terrorists are increasingly likely to be motivated by campaigns of ethnic nationalism or religious extremism. Often the two go hand in hand, such as the aspirations of Sikh militants for an independent state of Khalistan or the fundamentalist Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which seeks to establish an Islamic state in Egypt. Religious Extremism. Islamic extremists literally pose the largest danger in terms of religious terrorism. In part an outcome of magnitude of numbers and Islam’s global reach, it is also because, unlike the cohesive grouping of the past, many militant Islamists are individuals who do not owe allegiance to any particular organization, making identification and trace checks very difficult. Sunni terrorists, such as Ramzi Yousef, convicted in the New York Trade Center bombing, tend to be representative of this trend, whereas Shi’a terrorists continue to pursue their goals in a more collective fashion, obtaining direction and support from Iran. Although the Sunni-Shi’a schism remains, some cooperation between members of the two branches of Islam has been evident.   Extremist militants of other faiths also have an involvement in terrorist violence and must not be ignored. Christian religious groups, such as the Aryan Nations, are active in North America, and are becoming more closely associated with the Militia Movement. The Jewish Defence League maintains a presence in North America as well, but it is in Israel and the Occupied Territories where the combination of nationalism and religious fervor manifests itself in acts of Jewish terrorism. Nationalism. Ethnic nationalism continues to be a significant motivational factor in a number of terrorism campaigns, some of which are long-standing (Northern Ireland, Basques, Palestinians, Kurds) and others which are relatively recent (Uighers, Timorese, Achenese). Individually or in combinations, nationalism-separatism-irridentism have demonstrated a notable resurgence since the collapse of the former Soviet Union (FSU); several states currently experiencing politically motivated violence were previously members of the FSU or communist entities. Ideology does play a role in some nationalist movements, but the more usual accompaniment is religious fundamentalism. Strong religious beliefs and nationalist-separatist goals represent a particularly effective motivational combination. The role of ideology has not been completely overtaken by the influence of religion. A number of left-wing movements continue to exist, such as the Turkish Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party Front (DHKP-C), the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), and the Naxalites of India. Animal-Rights supporters and Environmentalists—the Issue Groups—tend to be found on the left of the political spectrum, as well. Right-wing motivation is much more prevalent, however. Targeting and Methodology. Improved international cooperation against terrorism and strengthened security for diplomatic and military facilities have prompted a shift in terrorist targeting and methodology: Random attacks on tourists and the deliberate killing of foreign-aid and NGO workers are disturbing trends; Incidents of kidnapping and hostage-taking have become frequent occurrences in South America and the former Soviet Union; Terrorist attacks focused on economic infrastructures can be expected to continue, including those related to energy distribution, transportation, banking and tourism; Hoaxes, particularly bomb threats, have been employed on occasion to seriously disrupt transportation and tourism, causing significant local impact; The Internet is becoming a resource more frequently used by terrorists as a means to access information, spread propaganda, raise funds, communicate, and plan operations. The gun and the bomb retain the lead as favored methods of terrorist assault, as witnessed by the shooting death of former provincial governor Hakim Said in Pakistan and the grenade attack against an Israeli bus stop in Beersheba. Vehicle bombs have proven a particularly attractive medium for terrorists, in part because the trend in recent years has been toward high casualty, indiscriminate targeting, and in part because of ease of manufacture, delivery, capacity, and lethality, with instructions on the Internet and components widely available. Threats and incidents of suicide attacks have increased in some regions, such as the Middle East and Sri Lanka, and are likely to be repeated. The approach of the Millennium is considered to raise the potential for independent action by individuals with extreme beliefs, especially those associated with cults, increasing the possible resort to a chemical, biological or nuclear radiation device. The use of a nuclear weapon remains the least likely scenario, given current levels of security surrounding nuclear weapons and the undoubted reluctance of any state to support the use of such a weapon for terrorist purposes. The dispersal of a radioactive substance in a terrorist incident does remain a possibility. Nonetheless, despite the seemingly advantageous potential of nuclear, chemical or biological methodology, conventional weapons are still considered to be favored by terrorists, principally because of familiarity and ease of use. Generally more frequent, domestic incidents are usually the result of a shooting or bombing attack directed against security forces or specific civilian opponents; such incidents produce smaller numbers of casualties. Occasionally the numbers of casualties are higher, such as an incident aboard commercial transportation, or one involving a car-bomb or an explosive device placed in a crowded area, as was the case in the bombing of the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City. International incidents are characterized by large-scale casualties because the incidents, although less frequent, are designed to achieve maximum publicity and shock effect. Reference: http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca Global trends of terror by International institute of strategic studies Islamabad, Pakistan. Fighting terror by Dr.Arif Ahmed

WNBA Salary Claim :: Technical Writing

ATTENTION: MR Salary Man TO: WNBA Salary Board FROM: Mamma Thomas Professional Sports Representation Agent SUBJECT: Rookie Salary Negotiations Dear Sir, I am writing to discuss the details of Latoya’s Thomas’ contract in which my client disagrees upon. For entry into the 2001/2002 Women’s National Basketball Association, referred to from here as the WNBA, player draft. Latoya is a 6’1 all around player and is very versatile my client is now playing for the WNBA and has considered coming to America to play for your league the WNBA In looking over the minimum requirements I noticed that a few things rose to my attention. In particular endorsements allowed, contract length, sponsorships, work out dates, travel conditions, and salary increments. I will attempt to address all of my reservations and offer suggestions to remedy these requirements and leave room for negotiation between your negotiation team and myself. If you can not meet these requirements then my client will not be allowed to enter your WNBA draft 2001/2002. Firstly, let me quickly outline Latoya’s extensive playing history and this will demonstrate the level of play that Latoya can offer to your league. Starting out at 11 years old in the seventh grade Latoya played for Dent Middle School. In the eigth grade she also played for Richland Northeast High School on the Junior Varsity and Varsity teams. In continuing her career she made the Varsity team her Freshmen year and contiuned to play all four years. As a freshmen she averaged 15 points per game and was named Freshmen of the year. As a Sophmore she averaged 18 points and 11 rebounds. As a Junior, Latoya averaged 22 points, 12 rebounds and 6 assist. She also lead the team and the nation in scoring. She lead the team to a Conference championship and a State Championship. As a Senior she was #1 player in the nation, averaged a triple double with 31 points, 14 rebounds and 10 assist. For the second consecutive year in history she lead team to a state championship and lead the nati on in scoring. All four years in High school she was selected to be on the all-state team, all- region team, and all-conference team. During the summers of her High School years she would continue practicing and playing for an AAU team. To play for an AAU team you must be selected by the regional committee of which you belong to as a player.

Juliet †Baz Luhrmann production Essay

Romeo seems like a passionate, romantic and excitable young man. He seems to like the idea of being in love, although I would suggest the feelings he has for Juliet begin only as infatuation and grow throughout the balcony scene. In the beginning of the scene Romeo is portrayed as determined, wary and possibly a little frightened as he knocks over furniture and scrambles up the trellis. His eyes are continuously darting around and you get a sense of desperation because he is panting. When he climbs the trellis in the hope of seeing Juliet but discovers the nurse instead, his facial expression turns from one of lust and longing, to one of utter disgust and horror. When Romeo scurries down the trellis, his demeanour is hurried and rushed and we get a sense of urgency as he holds his breath. When Juliet appears from the elevator, he is flattered that she is speaking of him â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? † After a short while he begins to shadow her, seemingly taken aback by her affectionate remarks and breathtaking beauty. Romeo seems almost intoxicated by Juliet; he continuously gazes deep into her eyes and follows her very closely throughout the scene. When he kisses her although tenderly, I get a sense of hunger and passion; he is smitten by every word, which seems to make his infatuation grow. However, he also shows foolish bravado in the swimming pool when he shouts, â€Å"thy kinsmen are no stop to me†. Romeo’s character in this film also outlines how impulsive and rash he is, as he does not object when Juliet proposes marriage, but instead smiles dreamily into her eyes. He seems devastated when they have to part â€Å"Love goes toward love as schoolboys from their books, but love from love, toward school with heavy looks. † Romeo is in love with the idea of love and during the course of the scene he is portrayed as romantic and passionate but also appears to be irrational, impulsive and desperate because he is so agreeable. Karen Clark 27th October 2003 Romeo & Juliet Baz Luhrmann Production 1(i) Characters and Characteristics Juliet Capulet Juliet seems like a thoughtful, sensible and practical young girl. When she enters the scene we see her deep in thought. It is soon obvious that she is quite upset as she leans against the statue with her hand on her hip and a look of dismay on her face as she says â€Å"Ay me! † Juliet’s body language expresses her annoyance; her arms are folded when she talks about rebelling against their family names; â€Å"What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet;† Although when she remarks â€Å"Doff thy name† her expression and speech has changed and become quite dreamy. In this section of the scene we also see the child in Juliet; When she says â€Å"nor any other part belonging to a man† she almost laughs, as a child would laugh with innocent embarrassment about a mans anatomy. She appears frightened but practical and dwells on the word â€Å"death† in the sentence â€Å"And the place death, considering who thou art† she pushes him in desperation under the water when a security guard appears to check that all is well, then smiles sweetly at the guard until he leaves. When they engage in their first kiss you see Juliet close her eyes in anticipation, she gently caresses his face before pushing him away in embarrassment. Again, during this section of the scene we see the inquisitive child in Juliet as she almost whispers â€Å"Dost thy love me? † it shows how young and immature she is, she is looking for confirmation of his love and looks at Romeo the way a child would look at her father for approval. When Romeo asks â€Å"O wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? † her reply is one of anger and shock as she replies â€Å"What satisfaction canst thou have tonight? † the expression on her face is one of annoyance and disbelief, I believe that this is the only time throughout the scene that she may question his love for her. Juliet is a very capable young lady who truly believes she is in love with Romeo; during the scene she is portrayed as a shy, nai ve and innocent child, but also appears to be a very determined, sensible and practical young lady. Karen Clark 27th October 2003 Romeo & Juliet Baz Luhrmann Production 1(ii) Dramatic Devices In the beginning of the scene we see Romeo climbing the orchard wall in complete darkness, but when he enters the swimming pool area the fairy lights illuminate the immediate vicinity, coupled with the floral trellis this makes the setting quite romantic. You get a sense of the era because the house is traditional in style, from the authentic continental windows to the ageing balusters on the balcony. The size of the house, together with the presence of a swimming pool gives the impression that Juliet comes from a very affluent background. The costumes seem appropriate for the period; Juliet wears a simple plain white dress, possibly portraying virginity and virtuosity and Romeo wears the costume of a knight, which could signify valour and gallantry. In contrast we see the security guard sporting a very modern outfit complete with baseball cap, earpiece and headset. The music used throughout the scene is somewhat soft and subtle, although at times it becomes a little bit eerie and has a sense of mystery. The majority of the scene is quite close and the camera angles depict this, although the shot of the Virgin Mary through the curtains and the dropping of the cross on the chain deliver a sense of foreboding. Most of the scene takes place in the swimming pool rather than on the balcony and this is dramatised by Romeo and Juliet falling into the pool on two occasions and the subsequent underwater scenes. Karen Clark 27th October 2003 Romeo & Juliet. Baz Luhrmann Production 1(iii) Themes The theme of the film immediately tells of a forbidden love, this is shown with Romeo’s movements at the beginning of the scene; He is skulking around in the shadows, panicking when he smashes a statue and hiding when he thinks someone may have heard him. Some other examples of the prohibition are when Juliet addresses the outrage her family would have upon the discovery of Romeo in the orchard; and when the security guard appears to check that all is well and Juliet immediately submerges Romeo in the swimming pool in an attempt to conceal him. From Juliet’s aspect we perceive her first love, she gently caresses Romeo wherever possible and we feel a sense of longing and anticipation, possibly because she may feel disloyal and treacherous towards her family if she continues with the alliance. Lust plays a large part during this scene, although you get the sense that Romeo believes he is in love with Juliet, at the beginning of the scene while he is still hiding, you get the impression that Romeo wants to touch and be intimate with Juliet from the expression on his face and his body language. There is also a sense of impending doom, earlier in the scene Juliet says â€Å"I have no joy of this contract tonight, it is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, too like the lightening, which doth cease to be†, this could mean that once lightening has struck all that remains is an empty space and charred remnants of what once was, therefore lightening may strike because of the family feud and if they continue to love each other they will cease to exist. Karen Clark. 27th October 2003 Romeo & Juliet Baz Luhrmann Production 1(iv) My Response The balcony scene in the Baz Luhrmann production of Romeo and Juliet is in my opinion inadequate. It does not seem to portray Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"young lovers† and the setting is too modern for the Shakespearean language. Had the speech been translated to modern text the film would have been a massive hit as the story of Romeo and Juliet is still extremely relevant in our modern society. In my opinion the actors did not do the characters any justice, their faces were not innocent enough and they appeared to be much older than we believed Romeo and Juliet to be. I expected the scene to be quite romantic and was most disappointed and quite bored very early into the scene. I get the impression from the scene that Juliet is neither virginal nor innocent; she seems to know what she wants and has a very adult like way of getting it. She is practical, calm and pushy, more like a manipulative woman than an innocent child. Although in the scene we do see aspects of Juliet’s inner child, like when she innocently asks â€Å"Dost thy love me? † she is seems to be seeking assurances as a child would; We also see a mature and confident young lady, from the way she reacts to his plea of dissatisfaction to the way she kisses him so lustfully and skilfully. If she were a child at the age of 13 or 14, I would presume that the physical aspect of their relationship would be pretty new to her and she would be very clumsy, awkward and uncomfortable. On at least two occasions during the course of the scene she pushes him away and then captivates him again, and in my opinion only a more mature and experienced woman would do this, not an innocent child who has met her first love. Romeo is portrayed as a determined and desperate young man, although we see what seems to be romance during the scene, I believe that Romeo is only infatuated with Juliet. I get the impression that all he wants to do is appease her so that he can return to her bedroom to be more intimate. When he says, â€Å"O wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? † the reply that he really wants to hear is â€Å"Let us depart to the bedroom and seal our vow of love† so he is taken aback with her reply. The way Romeo looks at Juliet throughout the scene is more lustful and hungry than loving and romantic and in my opinion although I would expect this of a 15 or 16 year old boy, the story is meant to be one of love and the balcony scene is the epitome of this love, instead of desperation Luhrmann should have played more towards the romantic side of Romeo rather than the overbearing and ingratiating character he is portrayed as. Karen Clark 27th October 2003 Romeo & Juliet Baz Luhrmann Production 2 Imagery In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses a variety of languages for various purposes; throughout the balcony scene we see many different linguistic devices including similes, metaphors and oxymorons. These devices are used to build a picture of the scene and also show Shakespeare’s talent as a playwright. The language of love is particularly powerful within the balcony scene; â€Å"O speak again, bright angel, for thou art as glorious to this night, being o’er my head as a winged messenger of heaven† Shakespeare uses this simile to describe how beautiful Juliet is, he compares Juliet to an angel because she appears at the window above Romeo and is silhouetted by the lamp light from within. Later in the scene Shakespeare uses a metaphor to describe how Juliet recognises Romeo’s voice, even though they have only just met; â€Å"My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words of thy tongue’s uttering, yet I know the sound. † In my opinion this metaphor adds warmth and a strong sense of feeling and atmosphere. Alliteration is used several times throughout the scene â€Å"The orchard walls are high and hard to climb† and â€Å"How silver-sweet sound lovers’ tongues by night, like softest music to attending ears! † This adds emphasis and significance to the descriptions. Towards the end of the scene there are two oxymoron’s in close proximity, both spoken by Juliet, â€Å"So loving-jealous of his liberty† and â€Å"Parting is such sweet sorrow† Although contradictory, they give importance to the statements. You may also note that Romeo’s final speech is delivered as poetic imagery, which is especially effective in portraying love. Some of Shakespeare’s imagery presents popular representations of that era. At the time, religion was very important, so by including religious imagery, for example Juliet appearing angelic, it portrays Romeo and Juliet’s love as heavenly and beautiful, something that was fated or meant to be. Shakespeare’s natural ability for the language of love is astounding and impressive and he applies this with unmistakable talent. Without Shakespeare’s competence with rhyme and imagery, the dialect would never have been so rich. The language of Shakespeare is full of humour, insults, irony and word play and is a joy to observe and a delight to study.

History of human resource management

Human resource management has always been a part of man’s life even before its name was suggested. This paper will discuss how human resource management has changed over the years. The paper will also discuss how the changes in workforce has effected the human resource management of today. The effects of globalization in today’s HRM will also be looked after in this paper. The world has changed over the years and so has the jobs. New jobs have been created and now labor is taken differently by the employers. The economy has brought a big change in how people take the challenges of human resource today. History of Human resource management Human resource management means to manage the people. It is also known as personnel management at times. The human resource management has changed over the past years. Now it is not only about dealing with the employees of the organization but to also see other parts of the organization. The human resource managers of today are more involved in workforce identification and establishment of the firms. Today it is more about strategically managing the firms. Different definitions have been given in the past after looking at the changes that occurred in this field of human resource (Mote, n. d. ). In the past, human resource management was referred to as the labor management. Chinese are known to be the pioneers of the management. Before any other man came up with the concept of human resource the Greeks had already developed the idea of it. Many past civilizations used the concept of human resource management but were not familiar that what it exactly was. The main idea of HRM remains the same and that is to have maximum productivity for the organization. The difference that has arrived is of the strategies that are now involved in achieving this goal of greater productivity through proper management of labor (Lockwood, 2005). In the start the economies around the world were based on agriculture. People worked as farmers or worked for landlords to earn their living. Everyone was on their own and only landlords were the basic human resource managers at that time. Then came the industrial revolution and things changed. Workforce shifted. People switched jobs. A big lot left farming and moved towards working in an industry to earn a better living. Due to this revolution immigration towards developing countries also increased. The human resource management became more complex now. The task now was to deal with people from different nationalities (Khilawala, n. d. ). The culture was different and therefore styles had to be adapted in order to maximize productivity. Proper techniques were developed and recruitment and selection took place through proper channels. With the rise of industrial revolution also came the task of dealing with unions. The human resource department thus had to find ways to resolve conflicts between unions and management. The function of HR changed again. A major shift came from the idea of having a corporate culture. This way people were given more importance. The efficiency was not the only important factor then. The worker’s satisfaction to gain efficiency was now the issue. Human resource management had to again go through the new process of developing new ways of keeping the employees satisfied. The people started looking for jobs that would give them more satisfaction and an environment where they can achieve success with satisfaction. Now it was just not the era of industry but competitive industries(Friedman, n. d. ). Different laws came and the human resource department gained more importance. The corporate put a lot of emphasis on this department because a lot of laws had been passed and no organization wanted a law suit against them from their employees. The human resource department took a new turn when strategic human resource management was introduced. New strategies were now involved and the human resource department was being looked at from a different angle (Mote, n. d. ). The human resource management of today is an entirely different thing. People shift jobs and look at the aspects of better living styles. Globalization has changed the way people see human resource department now. The multi national companies have strong human resource managers in order to look after the employees from different nationalities. This helps in building a strong reputation of the organization. The human resource managers of today not only have to look after the people but the organization as a whole. The main job of today’s human resource managers is to have a focused approach of how the strategies of the organizations will be followed. So it all depends on the human resource managers and their style of management that how they carry the organization in order to achieve greater productivity. The better the attitude of human resource manager the better would be the response from the employees. It is the main job of the managers to keep a focused approach on how to keep the managers and employees satisfied specially in today’s world where there role is so diversified.

Greece working Conditions Essay Example

Greece working Conditions Essay Example Greece working Conditions Essay Greece working Conditions Essay Introduction Business moralss examine the ethical. moral and principle jobs that occur in a concern environment. and its application applies to all facets of a concern. which include scheme execution. policy preparation. organisational civilization and legal proceedings. merely to advert a few. Business determinations are best explained by the usage of ethical models. which include ; the useful regulation. societal justness. deontology and moralss of virtuousnesss. The undertaking in the presentation is to research working conditions in Greece and so figure out which ethical model is being used by the leaders of that state in that issue. A careful analysis of the affair indicates that the leaders employ the useful model. which states that given two or more picks to take from. a individual must take the 1 that yields maximal benefits to the largest figure of people ( Windelband et. Al. 1958 ) . In other words. if a given pick is traveling to profit a little figure of people. it is of great importance. : John Stuart Mill modified the jurisprudence of utilitarianism and came up with a new useful regulation which stated that. one determines what is right by contrasting the result of all related agents of alternate policy for a peculiar status ( Quinton. 1973 ) . Issue: Greece Working Conditionss To understand the on the job conditions. informations from the Institute of Employment is used. The information was provided by the Social Insurance Foundation and Labor Inspectors in Greece. This institute carried out a research in the twelvemonth 2003. The aim of the research was to look into the wellness and safety statute laws in Greece. Questionnaires handed out to 324 people of assorted fortes. 35. 8 per centum specified that there were no wellness and safety commissariats in the house and 48. 7 % stated that. to their cognition. there was no doctor assigned to the house. A little per centum acknowledges the being of a wellness and safety commission in their house was merely 32. 4 % . In the building sector. 53. 5 % had a wellness and safety proviso papers while 58. 9 % in the fabrication sector had the same. 66. 1 % of the respondents in the populace sector said they lacked such a papers ( Aizenman. 2012 ) . Harmonizing to ( Bentham 1948 ) . it is right to exert what is good for the largest population of people. The survey reveals that the greatest figure of people in the work environment had the wellness and safety papers. Companies in Greece seem to value policies that yield the greatest benefit to the greatest figure of people. However. James Rachel. critic of the useful regulation. would hold argued otherwise. In his unfavorable judgment. he points out that. everyone is equal and that everybody’s felicity is of import ( Rachel. 1986 ) . The group of people who lack the papers in this instance can claim that concerns in Greece did go against the concern moralss. This so violates useful moral model. ’One issue in peculiar is already in danger of being capable to all sorts of populist rhetoric instead than nonsubjective appraisal: free motion of people in general and of workers in peculiar. in the European Union . says President Boroso while turn toing the European crisis. which pioneered legion reforms in Greece labour Torahs. The reforms led to limited protection of workers in the labour market. This aspect profaned concern moralss and indispensable societal rights. Law figure 3863/2010 introduced cardinal alterations in the labour market. The major countries changed included: The period given as a notice to the expiration of white-collar workers significantly shortened. The aureate handshaking for white-collar workers reduced by a half due to the reforms made. Operational costs must be kept between 5 % and 10 % . The minimal pay rates for workers under the age of 25 old ages reduced to 84 % of the set lower limit pay. For minor workers. the minimal pay rate set at 70 % of the set lower limit pay ( Lynn. 2011 ) . Harmonizing to ( Bentham. 1948 ) these alterations can non give maximal benefits to the society because they merely cater for a few persons. In fact. are in contrast with the labour curate. Algimanta Pabedinskiene. vocalizations. and I quote. Tackling NEET jobs will necessitate a assortment of steps easing the passage of these immature people into the universe of employment. or their return to the instruction system. In using these steps. a particular focal point should be placed on vulnerable groups . The jurisprudence set by the authorities aimed at protecting the community from mass unemployment by doing the labour Torahs weak. but by making so. single involvements were non considered. Harmonizing to ( Allison. 1990 ) a rational person wants to do more money from their employment. and the same person does non desire to work in conditions. which make him/her feel underpaid. This is to state that the authorities is making more harm than good by presenting weak labour Torahs. However. the authorities encourages minor working. which is a manner of striping bush leagues their rights. This is non in line with the utilitarianism because it violates the moralss ( Thilly. 1957 ) . Apart from the labour market reforms. the authorities instituted in 2010. service cuts in pension and other of import reforms in the societal security ordinances ( Pryce 2012 ) . The cardinal points to observe are as follows: Zero addition in the current pension over the following 3 old ages For the uninsured individuals over the age of 65. their basic pension standards underwent reforms. The sum of the pension is set at ˆ360. The national budget will finance the pension from the twelvemonth 2018. With regard to minimal rewards. the decrease of wages in now to the full permitted for all workers who are having the minimal pay rate in the state. This is now possible after an understanding in the National General Collective Agreement ( NGCA ) . Signing of the understanding on 15 July 2010 was by the societal spouses. This understanding proof was to be effected after three old ages ( Feldstein. 2011 ) . Salary cut for employees between 25 old ages was set between 22 % and 32 % . The employer can enforce this cut without the consent of the employee. These reforms further demo how the authorities violates useful rule. A salary cut without the consent of employees is unethical. and violates useful regulation. Harmonizing to ( Goodin. 1995 ) . utilitarianism as a public doctrine has been broken. Goodin explains utilitarianism as a rule which should steer political leaders while doing determinations that affect the society at big. He points out that leaders must take into history the impacts of the policies they pass on the full society. other than concentrating on a little group of people. In add-on. ( Copleston. 1975 ) states that people’s determinations and rights must be respected whenever the authorities passes policies that has direct impacts on citizen’s public assistance. He farther states that failure to exert this. the authorities will be conflicting citizen’s rights. which is unethical. Decision The authorities and companies in Greece tend to go through Torahs and policies in line with the useful model. but there are many cases where the leaders go contrary to the rules of the model. Using quotation marks and unfavorable judgments of the jurisprudence and informations collected. it is apparent that there exists violation of the useful regulation. The Government of Greece ought to utilize this analysis to rewrite its policies. It is ironical that the authorities wants zero unemployment while it continues to go through Torahs and ordinances that do non give greatest benefit to the greatest figure of people. The felicity of citizens and their rights must be respected if the authorities aims at cut downing unemployment. Mentions Aizenman. J. ( 2012 ) . Developing countries’ fiscal exposure to the euro crisis an event survey of equity and bond markets. Cambridge. Mass. : National Bureau of Economic Research. Allison. L. ( 1990 ) . The Utilitarian response: the modern-day viability of useful political doctrine. London: Sage Publications. Copleston. F. C. ( 1975 ) . A history of doctrine. Westminster. Md. : Newman Bookshop. Feldstein. M. S. ( 2011 ) . The euro and European economic conditions. Cambridge. Mass. : National Bureau of Economic Research. George. S. K. ( 2005 ) . The moral doctrine of John Steinbeck. Lanham. Md. : Scarecrow Press. Copy A ; PasteParenthetical Goodin. R. E. ( 1995 ) . Utilitarianism as a public doctrine. Cambridge University Press. Havard. W. C. ( 1959 ) . Henry Sidgwick A ; subsequently useful political doctrine. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Copy A ; Paste Lynn. M. ( 2011 ) . Flop: Greece. the Euro. and the autonomous debt crisis. Hoboken. N. J. : Bloomberg Press. Copy A ; PasteParenthetical Nardo. D. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Greece. Detroit: Aglow Books. Pryce. V. ( 2012 ) . Greekonomics: the Euro crisis and why politicians don’t acquire it. London: Biteback. Copy A ; Pastearenthetical Quinton. A. ( 1973 ) . Utilitarian moralss. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Thilly. F. ( 1957 ) . A history of doctrine ( 3d ed. ) . New York: Holt. Windelband. W. . A ; Tufts. J. H. ( 1958 ) . A history of doctrine. New York: Harper A ; Brothers.

How to Dispose of Mercury Safely

How to Dispose of Mercury Safely Mercury is an extremely toxic heavy metal. Though you might not have any mercury thermometers in your home, chances are good you have other items that contain mercury, such as fluorescent or other mercury-containing light bulbs, or mercury-containing thermostats. If you break a mercury thermometer, thermostat, or fluorescent bulb you need to be a lot more careful cleaning up the accident than you might think. Here are some things not to do, plus recommendations for the best way to clean up after a mercury release or spill. You can visit the US EPA site for additional help in cleaning up after an accident involving mercury. What Not to Do After a Mercury Spill Dont vacuum up the spill or breakage. This will release mercury into the air and greatly increase the level of contamination.Dont sweep up the mercury or broken glass with a broom. This breaks up the mercury into smaller drops, increasing its surface area so that more mercury gets into the air and spread around.Dont pour mercury down the drain. It can clog your plumbing and seriously pollute your septic system or the sewer system into which your plumbing drains.Dont wash mercury-contaminated clothing. This contaminates your washing machine, all of the other clothes in the load, and the water that is washed down the drain. If you use a clothes dryer afterward youre releasing mercury into the air and essentially poisoning yourself. By now you probably see a theme. Dont do anything that would spread the mercury or cause it to become airborne. Dont track it around on your shoes. Dont re-use any cloth or sponge that came in contact with the mercury, ever. Now that you have an idea of what to avoid, here are some steps to take. How to Dispose of a Broken Fluorescent Bulb Fluorescent bulbs and compact fluorescent bulbs contain small amounts of mercury. Heres what to do if you break a bulb: Clear the room of people, especially children, and pets. Do not allow children to help you clean up.Shut off the heater or air conditioner, is applicable. Open a window and allow the room to air out at least 15 minutes.Use a sheet of paper or cardboard to scoop up glass and metal pieces. Deposit the breakage into a glass jar with a lid or a sealable plastic bag.Use sticky tape to pick up the smaller pieces of debris. Drop the used tape into the jar or bag.While paper and tape should be sufficient to clean up breakage on a hard surface, you may need to vacuum a carpet or rug. Vacuum only after all visible remains have been cleaned up and then dispose of the bag or debris with the rest of the clean-up. If your vacuum has a canister, wipe it clean with damp paper towels and dispose of the used towels. If the break occurred over clothing or bedding, the material should be wrapped up and thrown away. Check with the waste disposal regulations where you live. Some places will allow you to throw away broken fluorescent bulbs with other trash while others have more stringent requirements for this type of waste disposal. Cleaning up a broken mercury thermometer is somewhat more involved, so Ill post those instructions separately.

Distinguish between the public and private aspects of human sexuality Research Paper - 1

Distinguish between the public and private aspects of human sexuality - Research Paper Example essed by profound emotions or feelings, and that might be established in physical anxieties about the public aspects of sexual conduct (Harold & Hobby, 17) Human sexuality is a discipline of study and research which focuses on each and every aspect of humans as sexual beings. Mainly, human sexuality comprises much more than the human anatomy and sexual responses, but integrates how human beings engage in relationships and conducts that determine their desires and sexual individuality as well as their overall well-being, sexual health, and their expression and perceptions (Neil, 32). Understanding and studying the human sexuality stretches way beyond the private and public aspect of its sense. Its study includes having a complete thoughtful and enriching emotional prospects and also improving self-knowledge, one’s identity, and awareness of morals and ideals. Regardless of one’s background, tradition, faith, or culture human sexuality will always play a vital part in people’s lives from their early ages until old age (Harold & Hobby, 18). Understanding and undergoing sexual issues, behaviors, and in which ways they are involved in our environment and our daily lives determine how we respond to specific situations, other individuals, and most vital, human relationships. Human sexuality has got a lot to do with emotional rejoinders such as morals, self-worth, and responsibilities. There exists several delusions as well as actual truths that are involved in perception of human sexuality (Harold & Hobby, 17). Among the private human relationships that are sheltered by the freedom are human sexual relationships. Ways in which individuals express their sexuality is a basic part of private aspect of human sexuality (Neil, 32). The Human Rights Committee together with the European Courts have considered sexual life to be an integral part of individual’s privacy and in present years have ruled that any law that prohibits acts of homosexuality contain an

A critical evaluation of a the Carrier Bag Levy introduced in Northern Essay

A critical evaluation of a the Carrier Bag Levy introduced in Northern Ireland - Essay Example On the other hand, exceptions to the levy include for the purposes of containing food for takeout, non-packaged foodstsuffs, some medicines, goods that have been contaminated by soil, and sharp implements such as knives and razor blades, among others. The proceeds are intended to be funneled into environmental and public good uses. Plans include increasing the levy to as much as 10p per bag, owing to the success of the levy in drastically reducing the use of plastic bags on the retailer level, with estimates of up to 80 percent in bag use reduction (Invest Northern Ireland 2014; BBC 2013; BBC 2013b; BBC 2013c; Department of the Environment Northern Ireland 2014; Clark 2014; NIDirect Government Services 2013). Washington State in the United States is noteworthy for having imposed a plastic bag tax four years prior, to the tune of 5 US cents per plastic bag, and while government claims a 60 percent reduction in plastic bags used, contrary figures indicate that plastic bag use has swell ed, as evidenced by sustained increases in tax collections from plastic bag use (Williams 2014; Wilson 2013). Meanwhile, in countries like Rwanda, a total ban on plastic bags as opposed to a tax has led to the successful elimination of plastic bags in the country (Clavel 2014). Critiquing the carrier bag levy in the context of Adam Smiths taxation canons, one can see for instance that there is some debate with regard to whether it passes the muster on the canon on collection economy. As Smith expounded, this canon says that the tax should not be a discouragement to business and should be inexpensive to collect. From the point of view of the businesses, the carrier bag levy is not a discouragement to the conduct of business, because the retailers merely act as collection agents of the tax by the government. The retailers being the collection agents and the remitting agents

HR and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

HR and Leadership - Essay Example The paper tells that leadership can be defined as the way process is influenced by an organization by leaders who have visions and is determined to achieve the organizations set objectives at any cost. Management makes the programmed decision affecting organization day to day activities and is concerned with administrative duties rather than decision making. For HR to be leading the department should employ effective strategy and solution to resourcing and ensuring there are talent planning and development, service delivery is at its best with well-coordinated systems of communication which involves employee engagement and relations. Thus leading HR should be determined in performance and must reward employees for good work done. Above all the human resource management should be of credible personality, driven to deliver, decisive thinkers, role model and should have the courage to challenge actions in the organization. An organization is important to ensure delivery of services and attainment of objectives if structural changes are effectively managed. The organizational structure of any firms matters a lot as if it’s well organized it will be easy to effect changes because of the values, believes and attitudes set by an organization so there is well spelled out a procedure on how everything is coordinated in the organization including, communication systems and responds to the environment. Strategic human resource management relies mostly on the resource-based view of the firm which suggests human resource practices leads to high performance and sustained in the competitive environment. Top management should ensure high technology is employed in firms to enable HR practices to build up mentoring, give incentives to performing workers and also enable performance appraisal which encourages the development of working relationship.

Sources Of Stress Among Teachers Psychology Essay

Sources Of Stress Among Teachers Psychology Essay Stress is a psycho-physiological process which arises out from the intercommunication of the individual with the environment (Muhammad et al, 2010) and (luthans, 1998) which ends up in disturbances and manifestations depending on the individual characteristics such as health status or psychological process such as attitude (Muhammad et al, 2010).As reported by Ingrid (1997) adapted from Hans Selye (1982), few people would be able to give the definition of stress or even attempt to give a clear cut definition due to the huge number of causes which can contribute to stress. Stress can be defined as a charismatic situation in which a person is affront with an event, constraint or appeal related to what he desires and for which the result is perceived to be both ambiguous and vital (De Cenzo, 1998) whereas Hans selye simply said that stress is the expansive response of the body to any appeal made upon it. It is to be noted that stress can be classified into eutress and distress whereby e ustress is a positive psychological response to a stressor and distress is the negative response (Geraldine, 2011). An example of eustress is an opportunity or a challenge which will lead to a promotion and for distress if any tension, worry or frustration. This study will be focusing mainly on distress. Stress is experienced by nearly all people in their life; however occupational stress is more present in the daily life of worker. As stated by Smith (2000) occupational stress is widespread and can be a major cause of ill health. 2.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRESS Jobs have always been a little stressful however over the last few years the workplace has become increasingly stressful. As per the report of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 75% of workers believe that todays workers experience more work stress than the prior generation. In 1992, the United Nations in its report even qualified job stress as the 20th century disease (Bob, Rollin, and Bruce, 1997). The World Health Organization (WHO) has characterise job-related stress in countries that are developing as a modern hazard in a traditional working environment and it is not to be forgotten that Mauritius as well is a developing country. Due to the important metamorphosis in company organization, change in nature of work, and technological advances, stress affect employees of all hierarchical level. Work-related stress can be said to be experienced when the appeals from the work environment exceed the employees ability to cope with (or control) them. It is not a disease, but it can lead to problem of ill health in areas like mental and physical health. Occupational stress is a sign of a problem within the organization, not individual weakness (European Agency 2000a, 2002a). It is to be noted that in this study, the term work related stress and the term occupational stress has been used interchangeably however they are distinguished from each other(Health and safety executive,2006) work related stress includes cases where work may have aggravated the stress experienced hence work may be a contributory factor but not necessarily the sole cause whereby the term occupational stress refers to cases where work is the sole cause of the stress experienced and associated symptoms of ill health. The Health and safety executive defined work related stress as the unfavorable reaction people have to increasing pressures or any types of request on them at work. Those reactions, people have to cope with a great number of demands, trying to cope with their duties and responsibilities concerned about their job and they have difficulty in doing so. On an individual level, it is often the fact of not being able to cope with the work load and environment with an associated negative manifestation. In comparison with other professions, teaching is considered as a high stress occupation. (Lambros, 2006) and (Mc and Von, 2005). 2.3 MODELS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS A stress model helps to better understand the various stages, and therefore can help people to better cope with the stress. The main model of stress is discussed below: 2.3.1 HANS SELYE MODEL OF STRESS Selye (1977) developed the general adaptation syndrome model .The general adaptation syndrome can be defined as the sum of whole expansive, systemic reactions, of the body which arise due to continuous and prolonged exposure to stress. When a person emits symptoms of not being in good health, it may surely be due to the fact that he is stressed. He identified that stress gather up in the body and if the relevant stressor is not removed, the person body will go through predictable phases as shown in Figure 1. Hans selye talked of three phases: ALARM STAGE This is the stage whereby the body recognize that there is a danger and prepare to deal or not to deal with the threat which is also known as the stressor, this situation is often called the fight or flight response. The stress hormone, adrenaline, is secreted and give the person the energy to fight or flight the stressor. RESISTANCE STAGE In this stage the body tries to return to a situation of psychological tranquility by resisting the alarm due to the fact that the threat still exists. The body remains activated however on a lesser extent than in the alarm stage but sufficient to cause an increase in the metabolic rate and consequently it may enter the third and final stage EXHAUSTION STAGE Exhaustion takes place when one or more target organs shows sign on dysfunction, this happens when the body can no longer meet up with the demand places upon it and start to dysfunction. This is the state whereby a disease is diagnosed which shows that a disease is the consequence of the related stressor. This can result in having serious consequences even death of the organ or the organism as a whole. http://210.9.134.6/zinecmt/templ/aipc/ezineimages/stress.gif Diagram 1: graphical evolution of the three stages of general adaptation syndrome. (Source: Carlson et al,(eds) (2007). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour (6th Ed). Boston, USA: Allyn and Bacon-Pearson) The above theory has been a basis for later research work to be carried out, however there are some issues with it, as it has been carried out on rats, and to extend it to humans may not be that clever, considering the emotional content of the stress perceived which may alter the way a human will react to the stress. Also as the name of the theory state, selye claimed it to be general irrespective of any nature of stress, however different type of stressors may act differently and hence different responses may be observed. 2.3.2 THE PERSON- ENVIRONMENT FIT MODEL The person-environment fit model is one of the well known among others, whereby it lays emphasis on the interaction between the peculiarity of the individual and that of the situation. One important aspect of this interaction is that occupational stress is the extent to which the individual will fit to his working environment, in other words, according to the person-environment fit model , the extent to which the person will face occupational stress depend on how much can he fit the workplace and the demands of the work thereof. Other factors can be motivation, ability and productivity. Â  If the person-environment fit turn out to be wrong, it can cause serious problems in any work environment. Occupational Stress and lack of productivity are natural conflicts related to the fact of a failure between a person fit into their workplace environment. This model can be highly related to occupational stress as it is important for the person to feel his importance in the work place and to fit the working environment so that later on, the problem of occupational stress dont arise, this was confirmed by Edwards and Ship (2007) whereby the study he did confirmed that the misfit between the person and the environment can lead to people having stress. As well as not being able to meet up the demands, the person-environment fit can also failed due to different motives of the individual and the work respectively which will surely lead to occupational stress. Person-environment fit theory argues that stress effects may arise when threatening job demands lead to disequilibrium in the interaction between an individual and the work environment. Although influential, the model is considered to have some drawbacks .There remains confusion over the notion of fit and its measurement (Edwards Cooper, 1990) and also difficulty to conceptualise the notion of fit (Julian and john, 2010) 2.3.3 THE KARASEK DEMANDS- CONTROL MODEL The demand-control model was developed by Karasek in 1979 and it focuses on the job demands and control at a work place situation whereby the employee is faced with a heavy work load/demand and at the same time , is given little control over the work. Hence any job which has a very high demand and very little or simply no control is given to the employee will end up in the employee facing stress, as confirmed by Doi.Y (2005), this is also known as the strain hypothesis. Demands can be in terms of various work activities, such as a close deadline to submit a particular work, too much responsibilities to handle, conflicting roles at work, not having the right to share views in decision making among others and control can also be in terms of the decision making of the employee and the way how he want to carry his job, this model divide the employees in four categories. The first category is the one who have high control over the high demands are known as active employees, second category, those who have high control but low demand, as low strain category of employees. Third category, those with low demands and low control are known as the passive category and finally the one with low control and high demands, as the high strain category (D Overgaard et al, 2004). The most common criticism is that the demand -Control model is too simple. Peter, Arnold B., Ad de (2001) and Johnson (1989) has argued that job control is not the only resource available to coping with job demands and proposed that social support from colleagues or superiors may also function as a mediator of the relationship between job demands and Stress reactions which agrees with the study done by Cristina et al (2012) who said that this model does not apply equally to all individuals and various factors, such as personality can act as a moderator or a buffer. 2.4 TEACHERS STRESS In the field of education, it is not easy to define teachers stress; however Kyriacou (2001) defined the latter as the involvement by a teacher of abhorrent, negative emotions, such as anger, Anxiety, tension, frustration or depression, resulting from some aspect of their work as a teacher. Since the late 1970s, many research work has been done to analyse teacher stress. The wealth of research published over the last years shown that there is a big problem concerning teachers and they do face stress. Compared to other professions, teaching is considered to be high stress occupations (Mc Shane and von Glinow, 2005), which therefore results to higher stress level among teachers consequently leading to poor performance, staff health problems and higher job dissatisfaction (Williams and Gersh, 2004).Occupational stress did had a negative effect on the job performance of the teachers in a secondary school which in turn may result in poor teaching to the students (Mohammad Aklaq et al, 201 0). A survey carried out by Karl Peltzer et all (2008) proved that teachers do have a high level of stress as well as job stress were associated with most stress- relating illnesses such as hypertension, mental distress, tobacco and alcohol abuse which agrees with the study of Wang pei and Zhang Guoli (2008) who deducted from their study that the negative effect of occupational stress on teachers health are significant. Teachers stress can have various consequences therefore it is important to manage it and one way of managing it , is by knowing the sources which stress the teachers most and deal with it directly. 2.5 MANIFESTATIONS OF STRESS AMONG TEACHERS Sign and symptoms of stress among teachers can be seen as manifestations when they face a threshold of stress that they cannot control or deal with. It can differ individually as some may be more prone to certain symptoms than others. Sign and symptoms of stress or those manifestations need to be identified as soon as possible so that it doesnt end up in serious consequences or even fatalities. These can be categorized into three main areas: first of all, the mental symptoms, for example depression and anxiety, secondly, the physical symptoms such as indigestion, palpitations and stomach cramps, and finally the behavioural symptoms which may be in terms of alcohol abuse, using prescription drugs etc. Despite being exposed to same level of stress, secondary school teachers may react differently and have different symptoms to that stressor, some teachers may exhibit depression whereas others may have back ache (leung et al, 2009).Mental symptoms/emotional symptoms tend to be most prese nt and among the first reaction to stress from the teachers. A study carried out in the George region in south Africa showed that teachers stress manifest itself mainly on a mental or emotional level as well as but to a much lesser extent in terms of physical level (M.A.J Olivier, D.J.L and Venter, 2003).In the study carried out by Kyriacou.C and J. Sutcliffe (2011) they found that, the most frequent symptoms of stress reported were tiredness and feeling frustrated 2.6 SOURCES OF STRESS AMONG TEACHERS The sources or causes of stress are also known as stressors. Stressors vary in severity and duration, some situations maybe stressful for everyone but in other situations, individuals may react differently. What is a stressor for a particular individual may not be a stressor for the other one. For some teachers, not being able to cope with the classroom indiscipline maybe a source of stress whereas for others, this may be easily tacked with and not a source of stress hence despite every one of them are teachers; sources of stress may vary from people to people, from organization to organization as well as from situation to situation. Factors such as the mental state of the individual, degree of stress coping, experience of teaching and other demographic variables may play a vital role in deciding if a specific problem can be a cause of stress or not. The research conducted by Brown Ralph (1992) concluded the following most Prevailing work-related factors leading to stress among teac hers, which gave us a better Idea and knowledge on teachers stress: Students-An absence of discipline or disruptive students, students motivation and their respective attitude towards the class and their teachers, the size of the class and their ability to cope and preparing the students for examination purposes. Stressors such as disruptive students may endanger the mental health of the teachers as confirmed by (Nurrul Izzah Abdul Samad et al , 2010) and the national union of teachers in UK(2009) Changes- A lack of information and the necessary resources to smoothen or make changes easier as well as more changes than the demand by the teachers which end up in stress among the teachers. This agrees with the study of kyriacou.(2001) whereby change itself is implicated in teachers stress and could be a problem thereof The management of the school -There is poor cooperation in terms of decision making process and no required training is given to meet the job new demands which keep increasing day by day, an example can be new and latest technological demands, the latter may as well be a potential source of stress for teachers (Olivier and Venter, 2003). Interpersonal relationships- poor social interactions among colleagues and lack of team spirit which may result in interpersonal conflicts. Reviews studies have identified interpersonal conflicts as a major source of teachers stress.( lambros lazuras , 2006) Parents and the community-parents pressure on the teachers to make their children achieve good results and accommodate unrealistic expectations. A study done by G.M steyn and G.D.Kamper (2006) shown that Parents pressure do cause educators to experience stress and the community poses a serious hindrance to learning. Another modern problem nowadays is a particular type of role ambiguity as often the teachers have to nurture, counsel or be mother and father of certain students due to family shift work factors or simply divorce factors.(Nhundu,T,J, 1999) which was confirmed by Joachim Stoeber and Dirk Rennert( 2008). In short, the most common sources of stress for teachers mentioned above are poorly motivated pupils, ill discipline, organizational culture, poor working conditions and poor collegiality. Jarvis (2002) in his critical review of more recent findings on teacher stress focus on three ample causative factors for this: (1) Factors intrinsic to teaching, (e.g., working condition, work under load/overload, repetition and boredom) (2) Cognitive factors which affect the teachers (e.g., time pressures, role conflict and role ambiguity), and (3) Systemic factors operating at the institutional and managerial level (e.g., appraisal system, Non-managerial support, reward system) Holmes (2005) stated that several scholars researching on teachers stress and stress management have categorized some situations that caused stress as follows: (1) Stress resulting from anticipation: fear of whats to come, worry and anxiety. (2) Stress as a response to a current situation: its happening now, and you have to react. (3) Stress from the past: it happened a while ago, but is still lingering in your mind and seemingly impossible to let go. (4) Chronic stress: its an on-going situation, or reaction to a specific event, the impact of which is lingering. Career development can also be a major source of stress (G.M steyn and G.D. kamper, 2006),which agrees with the study done by Ahlam b el shikieri and Hassan A. musa (2012)These can be classified into three main categories namely, job security, performance appraisal and professional training whereby the threat of losing one job is a potential source of stress (M.A.J Olivier and Venter, 2003).Any possibility of demotion may also lead to stress( Rout and Rout,2002).the performance appraisal system can also be a major source of stress for the individual especially if the outcome may influence any promotion or the latter salary.( Rout and Rout, 2002).Required training programme is needed to meet new demands and challenges of the education sector. 2.7 FIMIAN TEACHER STRESS INVENTORY In the present study, we have followed the Fimians teachers stress inventory with minor adaptations to suit the local context in Mauritius. This model explains the teacher stress in a ten factor theory, whereby five consist of sources of occupational stress and the other five about manifestations of stress. According to fimian, when those stressors are present, teachers do have stress and it becomes evident in terms of psychological, behavioural and other type of symptoms. It should thus be possible to identify one array of events that acts as sources of stress and other array of stress that acts as manifestations of stress. Teachers stress is related more to environmental events and the perception of these events, than it is to personal or professional variables such as teacher age, gender, age, education level and number of years of teaching. The factors described in the inventory are time management, work related stressors, professional distress, discipline and motivation, profess ional investment, emotional manifestations, fatigue manifestations, cardiovascular manifestations, gastronomical manifestations and behavioural manifestations. A study carried out by M.A.J Olivier(2003) using the fimian teachers stress inventory concluded that teachers stress manifest itself mainly on an emotional level as well as on a physical level and the most significant source of stress among them was professional investment however the results cannot be generalized as the limited scope of the investigation. In 2009, the study carried out by Victoria sanderlin hand in New Orleans, among novice secondary school teachers, using the fimian teacher stress inventory found that time management, along with discipline and motivation, were the two highest sources of stress for novice teachers moreover Fatigue manifestation and emotional manifestation were the most apparent manifestations of stress, novice secondary teachers may not have those experience to tackle with stress and it may have been different sources or manifestations if they were not novice. Another study carried out by Rubina hanif, Sadaf tariq and Masood nadeem (2011) using the same inventory concluded that teachers shows highest level of stress at work related stressors and fatigue manifestations was the most common one, however this study was carried out in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, and the teachers of Islamabad may not be facing same problem as small town or cities teachers are facing, hence the sample is not well represented. 2.8 SUMMARY OF LITTERATURE REVIEW